Lorraine O\u2019Grady<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/GettyImages-819189396.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Marc Dimov\/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLorraine O\u2019Grady, a conceptual artist who made work about the intersections between art and life, Blackness and femininity, and the past and the present, died in December at 90. She staged daredevil performances in which she confronted bourgeois norms, penned treatises about the historical exclusion of Black female perspectives from the canon, and occasionally protested as an activist, donning a gorilla mask as an official member of the feminist Guerrilla Girls collective.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFrank Stella<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/GettyImages-1178141010.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Nic Antaya for Boston Globe via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFrank Stella, an artist who paved the way for Minimalism before turning his work maximalist, died in May at 87. He remains well-known for his \u201cBlack Paintings\u201d of the 1950s, in which evenly spaced white lines create patterns against black backgrounds, though he has also gained an audience for monumentally scaled sculptures that explode with color.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRichard Serra<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/GettyImages-142766731.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Redferns\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRichard Serra, a Minimalist sculptor whose gigantic creations defined an era of art-making in New York, died in March at 85. His sculptures were often made of monumental sheets of steel that arced around viewers, inducing claustrophobia and awe in equal measure.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJackie Winsor<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/sent-march-2019-publish-in-book-Rutgers.jpg?w=400\")
\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\n\tJackie Winsor, an artist known for her labor-intensive sculptures, died in September at 82. Working alongside the Minimalists during the 1970s, she crafted objects from wood, copper, and cement; the pieces seemed to contain mysteries that remained unknowable to viewers.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBarbara Gladstone<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"NEW](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/GettyImages-77820796.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Shawn Ehlers\/WireImage, Via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBarbara Gladstone, one of the foremost New York gallerists, died in June at 89. She opened her dealership, Gladstone Gallery, in 1980, and would go on to make stars out of artists such as Matthew Barney, Jenny Holzer, and Richard Prince.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nCarl Andre<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/GettyImages-832092976.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tCarl Andre, a leading light of the Minimalist art movement of the 1960s and \u201970s, died in January at 88. He gained acclaim during that period for sculptures composed of evenly sized firebricks, a way of bringing art \u201cclose to zero,\u201d as he once put it. His death revived interest in the 1985 death of his partner, the artist Ana Mendieta, who fell from his apartment\u2019s window; Andre was acquitted after facing a murder trial.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFaith Ringgold<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/GettyImages-907845104.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Anthony Barboza\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFaith Ringgold, a pioneering artist who upheld Black women\u2019s perspectives, died in April at 93. Across figurative paintings, painted quilts, children\u2019s books, and impassioned protests, Ringgold combated racism and misogyny while also making space in the canon for Black women like herself.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFathi Ghaben<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/fathi.jpeg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Via Palestinian Achievements on X\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFathi Ghaben, a painter known for his colorful images of the resilient Palestinian spirit, died in March at 77. According to the Palestinian Ministry of Culture, Ghaben died because he was suffering from chronic chest and lung illness, and had been unable to seek medical help from a medical system hobbled by Israel\u2019s war in Gaza.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBrent Sikkema<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"Portrait](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/GettyImages-609565684.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Will Ragozzino\/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBrent Sikkema, a New York gallerist who boosted the profiles of well-known artists such as Kara Walker and Jeffrey Gibson, died in January at 75. Sikkema, a founder of the New York gallery Sikkema Jenkins & Co., was found stabbed to death in his Rio de Janeiro apartment, setting off an investigation that is still ongoing.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFrank Auerbach<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/GettyImages-119937412.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Ward\/Rex Features\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFrank Auerbach, one of the most acclaimed British artists of the 20th century, died in November at 93. He redefined portraiture, laying paint on so thickly that his works appeared sculptural and abstract.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nGary Indiana<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/GettyImages-1156187886.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Catherine McGann\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tGary Indiana, a writer whose prickly art criticism for the Village Voice<\/em> during the 1980s was widely read, frequently imitated, and rarely matched, died in October at 74. He also wrote a range of beloved novels, many of which were only reissued recently, after years of being out of print, and exhibited his art during the final stages of his career.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nKeiichi Tanaami<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"An](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/f45a256b-04cf-44bb-a2e8-b2f394a274fc.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist, Nanzuka, and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKeiichi Tanaami, an artist who processed postwar trauma via collages and films composed of a barrage of appropriated images, died in August at 88. He is currently the subject of a survey at the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami that features some of his final works, in which characters lifted from Picasso paintings appear to mutate.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRebecca Horn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/GettyImages-55729517.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Latz\/DDP\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRebecca Horn, one of Germany\u2019s most acclaimed artists, died in September at 80. Her unclassifiable performances and sculptures tended to center around women\u2019s bodies, though Horn\u2019s art rarely communicated in direct statements. Instead, she often enlisted mysterious objects in situations that spoke to fractured selves and damaged psyches.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRosa de la Cruz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Rosa-and-Carlos-de-la-Cruz-recent-acquisitions-Glenn-Ligon-Debris-Field-Red-3-2018.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the de la Cruz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRosa de la Cruz, a Miami-based collector who amassed a significant collection of conceptual art, died in February at 81. The Miami art space she ran with her husband Carlos helped put the Floridian city on the map; that space closed this year, and its building will soon be taken over by the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami. Her collection included key works by artists such as Ana Mendieta, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Christina Quarles, and Glenn Ligon.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBill Viola<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/GettyImages-50334681.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo James Keyser\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBill Viola, a video artist who helped define the course of his medium with works pondering death and the passage of time, died in July at 73. Having started with lo-fi videotapes, Viola later became known for installations that induce self-reflection and epic multichannel works featuring resurrections, bursts of water, and art-historical allusions.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRichard Mayhew<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"Portrait](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/mayhew-v2.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist’s estate and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRichard Mayhew, a painter whose abstractions often resembled semi-imagined landscapes, died in September at 100. He said he used \u201clandscape as a metaphor to express emotion\u201d and relied upon an expressive color palette.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nZilia S\u00e1nchez<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/470909500_477996771571105_2520932439480487845_n.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Raquel Perez Puig\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tZilia S\u00e1nchez, an abstractionist known for her shaped paintings that protrude outward, creating forms that resembled female bodies, died in December at 98. A queer Cuban-born woman who lived in self-imposed exile in Puerto Rico, she gained widespread recognition in the final decade of her career, when her art appeared in two Venice Biennales.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nKasper K\u00f6nig<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/GettyImages-549697923.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: ullstein bild via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKasper K\u00f6nig, a curator who altered the German scene forever with his boundary-pushing projects, died in August at 80. In addition to founding Frankfurt\u2019s Portikus museum and directing the Museum Ludwig, he established Skulptur Projekte M\u00fcnster, an exhibition of monumentally scaled sculpture that takes place once a decade.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSafeya Binzagr<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/bizangr.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Tessa Solomon\/ARTnews\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSafeya Binzagr, one of the most important artists in Saudi Arabia, died in September at 86. Though famous in her home country for her paintings and fabric pieces, she was also notable for launching a cultural center in 1995 in Jeddah, a city that had no other institution like it at the time.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAudrey Flack<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/GettyImages-120903972.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAudrey Flack, a Photorealist painter whose large-scale canvases raised the everyday and the d\u00e9class\u00e9 to the status of high art, died in June at 93. Toward the end of her career, she focused on creating \u201cPost-Pop-Baroque\u201d paintings filled with a tumult of things, an attempt, she said, at \u201cbringing back the masters.\u201d <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSarah Cunningham<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/465287782_18376824511105358_6895655960531160073_n.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Lisson Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSarah Cunningham, a painter known in England for her abstracted landscapes, died in November at 31. At the time of her passing, Cunningham had been on the cusp of fame, having just gained representation with Lisson Gallery. Shortly before her death was confirmed by British police, she had gone missing in London.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJune Leaf<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"Archival](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/10_IMG_3682.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Brian Graham\/Courtesy Hyphen\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJune Leaf, an artist whose unclassifiable work pondered the limits of figuration, died in July at 94. She described herself as \u201ca painter who had to have a tactile experience with the world,\u201d and is most fondly remembered for sculptures that jump into motion upon being triggered. Her art had developed a cult following over the years, and her fan base is poised to expand in 2025 with a retrospective that will tour the US.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDestiny Deacon<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/GettyImages-540032383.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Clayton-Jones\/Fairfax Media via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDestiny Deacon, an Aboriginal artist who dealt head-on with racism in her photographs and installations, died in May at 67. Within Australia, she was most famous for her pictures of dolls intended to demean Aboriginal people. Those toys, she said, \u201crepresent us as people, because white Australia didn\u2019t come to terms with us as people.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDinh Q. L\u00ea<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"An](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/GettyImages-1092860374.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jonathan Wong\/South China Morning Post via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDinh Q. L\u00ea, an artist known for challenging pieces about trauma and the loss of history in Vietnam, died in April at 56. Though the vast majority of his oeuvre took the form of conceptual photography, he is most famous for The Farmers and the Helicopters<\/em>, a 2006 video installation about American representations of the war in Vietnam.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nLucas Samaras<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/SAMARAS.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Pace Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLucas Samaras, an artist who sliced, diced, fragmented, and warped images of himself in mind-altering artworks, died in March at 87. He worked across a variety of mediums, from installation art to photography, and gained acclaim during the 1960s for \u201cBoxes,\u201d sculptures studded with pins, razors, and shards, sometimes with camera-made pictures inset in the objects\u2019 surfaces.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBen Vautier<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/GettyImages-1243466635.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Monier\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBen Vautier, a French artist associated with the Fluxus movement of the 1960s, died in June at 88. In expansive installations and paintings scrawled with cursive text, he showed that any division between life and art was inherently false. \u201cEverything is art,\u201d he frequently proclaimed.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPierre Levai<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/GettyImages-601792008.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPierre Levai, the longtime leader of the New York branch of Marlborough Gallery, died in June at 87. With Levai at the helm, Marlborough mounted key presentations of work by Philip Guston, Marisol, Alex Katz, and many more during the postwar era. The 80-year-old London-based gallery began winding down operations the same month that Levai died.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDorothy Lichtenstein<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"Pop](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/GettyImages-488068521.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jack Mitchell\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDorothy Lichtenstein, the longtime leader of a foundation devoted to her husband, the Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein, died in July at 84. When that foundation began the process of shutting down in 2018, she helped disperse a number of works to institutions such as the Whitney Museum, currently the owner of hundreds of works by Roy and the organizer of a retrospective for him due to open in 2026.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLillian Schwartz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/THF705911.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Henry Ford Museum, Gift of the Lillian F. Schwartz & Laurens R. Schwartz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLillian Schwartz, a trailblazing computer artist, died in October at 97. Her films of the 1970s that enlisted computer-generated imagery have influenced generations of filmmakers and artists after her. She also holds a special place in history as the first female artist in residence at Bell Labs.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPatti Astor<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/GettyImages-1216267506.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Allan Tannenbaum\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPatti Astor, a core member of the Downtown New York scene of the 1980s, died in April at 74. She ran the short-lived but influential Fun Gallery, which offered Jean-Michel Basqiuat, Kenny Scharf, Lee Qui\u00f1ones, Fab 5 Freddy, and others some of their first major exposure.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nMarian Zazeela<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"NEW](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/GettyImages-659853646.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Will Ragozzino\/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tMarian Zazeela, an artist whose Dream House<\/em> installation, produced with her husband La Monte Young, remains a point of pilgrimage in New York, died in March at 83. Working solo, she also made trippy drawings that she called \u201cborderline art\u201d because of the way that they disturb the \u201cconventional distinction between decorative and fine art by using decorative elements in the fine art tradition.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nWalter Dahn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/1997_Walter_Dahn_Portrat_Andrea_Stappert.png?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Andrea Stappert\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tWalter Dahn, a member of the Junge Wilde group of German artists of the 1970s, died in November at 70. His intentionally inelegant painterly style gained him an early appearance in Documenta and a range of admirers, including the artist Richard Prince.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFarhad Moshiri<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/FM_6987e6.png?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy The Third Line, Dubai. Photo: Claire Dorn.\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFarhad Moshiri, an Iranian artist who filtered Persian tradition through a Pop art sensibility, died in July at 61. He often collaborated with craftswomen for projects that recreated photographs in thread.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJacqueline de Jong<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/JdJ-Portrait-II.jpeg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photostudio Koos Breukel\/Courtesy Ortuzar Projects, New York\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJacqueline de Jong, a Dutch painter who revolutionized figurative painting over and over again, died in June at 85. She briefly ran the journal of the Situationist movement of the 1960s before launching a career as a painter. It was not until recently, however, that she gained recognition for her work beyond Situationism.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDavid Anfam<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/GettyImages-498567954.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDavid Anfam, an art historian who rewrote the history of Abstract Expressionism, died in August at 69. He is widely credited with reshaping the way scholars understand the art of Mark Rothko, whose work Anfam compiled into a 1998 catalogue raisonn\u00e9. <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLeonard Riggio<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/GettyImages-80020066.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Skip Bolen\/WireImage\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLeonard Riggio, the Barnes & Noble founder who collected significant works by Willem de Kooning, Richard Serra, and more, died in August at 83. He helped transform Dia:Beacon, a haven for Minimalism in Upstate New York, with a $30 million gift that helped support the acquisition of the museum\u2019s famed Serra sculptures.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"An](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/GettyImages-1244405419.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Christoph Soeder\/dpa\/picture alliance via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt, a German mail artist, died in February at 92. Working in East Berlin before the fall of the Soviet regime, she produced papers lined with dazzling arrays of typewritten text that she posted across the world.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nEikoh Hosoe<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"A](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/GettyImages-72410365.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Astrid Stawiarz\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tEikoh Hosoe, an artist who steered Japanese photography in a new direction, died in September at 91. During the 1960s, he famously photographed the writer Yukio Mishima, whom he pictured in states of extreme submission and domination.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAlexis Smith<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"Portrait](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Alexis-Portrait-2017-c.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Pauline Stella Sanchez, 2017\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAlexis Smith, an artist who explored (and subverted) Californian mythology, died in January at 74. She frequently recycled found images in installations, collages, and paintings that exposed the seedy underbelly of Hollywood.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nYong Soon Min<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"Four](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/YONGSOONMIN_1989-MakeMeAll.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tYong Soon Min, an artist who pondered how her identity had been reshaped by her move to the United States from her home country of Korea, died in March at 70. Her photographs and installations were influential to generations of Los Angeles artists who came up after her, some of whom she personally fostered as an educator.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nG\u00fcnter Brus<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t![\"Direct](\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Brus.jpg?w=400\")
\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tG\u00fcnter Brus, an Austrian provocateur associated with the Viennese Actionist movement of the 1960s, died in February at 85. He often used his body for performances such as The Real Test<\/em> (1970), for which he repeatedly cut himself with a razor until he passed out from exhaustion.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n
\n\tLorraine O\u2019Grady, a conceptual artist who made work about the intersections between art and life, Blackness and femininity, and the past and the present, died in December at 90. She staged daredevil performances in which she confronted bourgeois norms, penned treatises about the historical exclusion of Black female perspectives from the canon, and occasionally protested as an activist, donning a gorilla mask as an official member of the feminist Guerrilla Girls collective.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
Frank Stella<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Nic Antaya for Boston Globe via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFrank Stella, an artist who paved the way for Minimalism before turning his work maximalist, died in May at 87. He remains well-known for his \u201cBlack Paintings\u201d of the 1950s, in which evenly spaced white lines create patterns against black backgrounds, though he has also gained an audience for monumentally scaled sculptures that explode with color.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRichard Serra<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Redferns\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRichard Serra, a Minimalist sculptor whose gigantic creations defined an era of art-making in New York, died in March at 85. His sculptures were often made of monumental sheets of steel that arced around viewers, inducing claustrophobia and awe in equal measure.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJackie Winsor<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\n\tJackie Winsor, an artist known for her labor-intensive sculptures, died in September at 82. Working alongside the Minimalists during the 1970s, she crafted objects from wood, copper, and cement; the pieces seemed to contain mysteries that remained unknowable to viewers.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBarbara Gladstone<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Shawn Ehlers\/WireImage, Via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBarbara Gladstone, one of the foremost New York gallerists, died in June at 89. She opened her dealership, Gladstone Gallery, in 1980, and would go on to make stars out of artists such as Matthew Barney, Jenny Holzer, and Richard Prince.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nCarl Andre<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tCarl Andre, a leading light of the Minimalist art movement of the 1960s and \u201970s, died in January at 88. He gained acclaim during that period for sculptures composed of evenly sized firebricks, a way of bringing art \u201cclose to zero,\u201d as he once put it. His death revived interest in the 1985 death of his partner, the artist Ana Mendieta, who fell from his apartment\u2019s window; Andre was acquitted after facing a murder trial.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFaith Ringgold<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Anthony Barboza\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFaith Ringgold, a pioneering artist who upheld Black women\u2019s perspectives, died in April at 93. Across figurative paintings, painted quilts, children\u2019s books, and impassioned protests, Ringgold combated racism and misogyny while also making space in the canon for Black women like herself.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFathi Ghaben<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Via Palestinian Achievements on X\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFathi Ghaben, a painter known for his colorful images of the resilient Palestinian spirit, died in March at 77. According to the Palestinian Ministry of Culture, Ghaben died because he was suffering from chronic chest and lung illness, and had been unable to seek medical help from a medical system hobbled by Israel\u2019s war in Gaza.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBrent Sikkema<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Will Ragozzino\/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBrent Sikkema, a New York gallerist who boosted the profiles of well-known artists such as Kara Walker and Jeffrey Gibson, died in January at 75. Sikkema, a founder of the New York gallery Sikkema Jenkins & Co., was found stabbed to death in his Rio de Janeiro apartment, setting off an investigation that is still ongoing.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFrank Auerbach<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Ward\/Rex Features\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFrank Auerbach, one of the most acclaimed British artists of the 20th century, died in November at 93. He redefined portraiture, laying paint on so thickly that his works appeared sculptural and abstract.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nGary Indiana<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Catherine McGann\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tGary Indiana, a writer whose prickly art criticism for the Village Voice<\/em> during the 1980s was widely read, frequently imitated, and rarely matched, died in October at 74. He also wrote a range of beloved novels, many of which were only reissued recently, after years of being out of print, and exhibited his art during the final stages of his career.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nKeiichi Tanaami<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist, Nanzuka, and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKeiichi Tanaami, an artist who processed postwar trauma via collages and films composed of a barrage of appropriated images, died in August at 88. He is currently the subject of a survey at the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami that features some of his final works, in which characters lifted from Picasso paintings appear to mutate.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRebecca Horn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Latz\/DDP\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRebecca Horn, one of Germany\u2019s most acclaimed artists, died in September at 80. Her unclassifiable performances and sculptures tended to center around women\u2019s bodies, though Horn\u2019s art rarely communicated in direct statements. Instead, she often enlisted mysterious objects in situations that spoke to fractured selves and damaged psyches.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRosa de la Cruz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the de la Cruz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRosa de la Cruz, a Miami-based collector who amassed a significant collection of conceptual art, died in February at 81. The Miami art space she ran with her husband Carlos helped put the Floridian city on the map; that space closed this year, and its building will soon be taken over by the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami. Her collection included key works by artists such as Ana Mendieta, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Christina Quarles, and Glenn Ligon.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBill Viola<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo James Keyser\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBill Viola, a video artist who helped define the course of his medium with works pondering death and the passage of time, died in July at 73. Having started with lo-fi videotapes, Viola later became known for installations that induce self-reflection and epic multichannel works featuring resurrections, bursts of water, and art-historical allusions.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRichard Mayhew<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist’s estate and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRichard Mayhew, a painter whose abstractions often resembled semi-imagined landscapes, died in September at 100. He said he used \u201clandscape as a metaphor to express emotion\u201d and relied upon an expressive color palette.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nZilia S\u00e1nchez<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Raquel Perez Puig\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tZilia S\u00e1nchez, an abstractionist known for her shaped paintings that protrude outward, creating forms that resembled female bodies, died in December at 98. A queer Cuban-born woman who lived in self-imposed exile in Puerto Rico, she gained widespread recognition in the final decade of her career, when her art appeared in two Venice Biennales.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nKasper K\u00f6nig<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: ullstein bild via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKasper K\u00f6nig, a curator who altered the German scene forever with his boundary-pushing projects, died in August at 80. In addition to founding Frankfurt\u2019s Portikus museum and directing the Museum Ludwig, he established Skulptur Projekte M\u00fcnster, an exhibition of monumentally scaled sculpture that takes place once a decade.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSafeya Binzagr<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Tessa Solomon\/ARTnews\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSafeya Binzagr, one of the most important artists in Saudi Arabia, died in September at 86. Though famous in her home country for her paintings and fabric pieces, she was also notable for launching a cultural center in 1995 in Jeddah, a city that had no other institution like it at the time.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAudrey Flack<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAudrey Flack, a Photorealist painter whose large-scale canvases raised the everyday and the d\u00e9class\u00e9 to the status of high art, died in June at 93. Toward the end of her career, she focused on creating \u201cPost-Pop-Baroque\u201d paintings filled with a tumult of things, an attempt, she said, at \u201cbringing back the masters.\u201d <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSarah Cunningham<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Lisson Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSarah Cunningham, a painter known in England for her abstracted landscapes, died in November at 31. At the time of her passing, Cunningham had been on the cusp of fame, having just gained representation with Lisson Gallery. Shortly before her death was confirmed by British police, she had gone missing in London.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJune Leaf<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Brian Graham\/Courtesy Hyphen\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJune Leaf, an artist whose unclassifiable work pondered the limits of figuration, died in July at 94. She described herself as \u201ca painter who had to have a tactile experience with the world,\u201d and is most fondly remembered for sculptures that jump into motion upon being triggered. Her art had developed a cult following over the years, and her fan base is poised to expand in 2025 with a retrospective that will tour the US.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDestiny Deacon<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Clayton-Jones\/Fairfax Media via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDestiny Deacon, an Aboriginal artist who dealt head-on with racism in her photographs and installations, died in May at 67. Within Australia, she was most famous for her pictures of dolls intended to demean Aboriginal people. Those toys, she said, \u201crepresent us as people, because white Australia didn\u2019t come to terms with us as people.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDinh Q. L\u00ea<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jonathan Wong\/South China Morning Post via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDinh Q. L\u00ea, an artist known for challenging pieces about trauma and the loss of history in Vietnam, died in April at 56. Though the vast majority of his oeuvre took the form of conceptual photography, he is most famous for The Farmers and the Helicopters<\/em>, a 2006 video installation about American representations of the war in Vietnam.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nLucas Samaras<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Pace Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLucas Samaras, an artist who sliced, diced, fragmented, and warped images of himself in mind-altering artworks, died in March at 87. He worked across a variety of mediums, from installation art to photography, and gained acclaim during the 1960s for \u201cBoxes,\u201d sculptures studded with pins, razors, and shards, sometimes with camera-made pictures inset in the objects\u2019 surfaces.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBen Vautier<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Monier\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBen Vautier, a French artist associated with the Fluxus movement of the 1960s, died in June at 88. In expansive installations and paintings scrawled with cursive text, he showed that any division between life and art was inherently false. \u201cEverything is art,\u201d he frequently proclaimed.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPierre Levai<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPierre Levai, the longtime leader of the New York branch of Marlborough Gallery, died in June at 87. With Levai at the helm, Marlborough mounted key presentations of work by Philip Guston, Marisol, Alex Katz, and many more during the postwar era. The 80-year-old London-based gallery began winding down operations the same month that Levai died.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDorothy Lichtenstein<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jack Mitchell\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDorothy Lichtenstein, the longtime leader of a foundation devoted to her husband, the Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein, died in July at 84. When that foundation began the process of shutting down in 2018, she helped disperse a number of works to institutions such as the Whitney Museum, currently the owner of hundreds of works by Roy and the organizer of a retrospective for him due to open in 2026.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLillian Schwartz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Henry Ford Museum, Gift of the Lillian F. Schwartz & Laurens R. Schwartz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLillian Schwartz, a trailblazing computer artist, died in October at 97. Her films of the 1970s that enlisted computer-generated imagery have influenced generations of filmmakers and artists after her. She also holds a special place in history as the first female artist in residence at Bell Labs.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPatti Astor<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Allan Tannenbaum\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPatti Astor, a core member of the Downtown New York scene of the 1980s, died in April at 74. She ran the short-lived but influential Fun Gallery, which offered Jean-Michel Basqiuat, Kenny Scharf, Lee Qui\u00f1ones, Fab 5 Freddy, and others some of their first major exposure.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nMarian Zazeela<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Will Ragozzino\/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tMarian Zazeela, an artist whose Dream House<\/em> installation, produced with her husband La Monte Young, remains a point of pilgrimage in New York, died in March at 83. Working solo, she also made trippy drawings that she called \u201cborderline art\u201d because of the way that they disturb the \u201cconventional distinction between decorative and fine art by using decorative elements in the fine art tradition.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nWalter Dahn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Andrea Stappert\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tWalter Dahn, a member of the Junge Wilde group of German artists of the 1970s, died in November at 70. His intentionally inelegant painterly style gained him an early appearance in Documenta and a range of admirers, including the artist Richard Prince.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFarhad Moshiri<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy The Third Line, Dubai. Photo: Claire Dorn.\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFarhad Moshiri, an Iranian artist who filtered Persian tradition through a Pop art sensibility, died in July at 61. He often collaborated with craftswomen for projects that recreated photographs in thread.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJacqueline de Jong<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photostudio Koos Breukel\/Courtesy Ortuzar Projects, New York\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJacqueline de Jong, a Dutch painter who revolutionized figurative painting over and over again, died in June at 85. She briefly ran the journal of the Situationist movement of the 1960s before launching a career as a painter. It was not until recently, however, that she gained recognition for her work beyond Situationism.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDavid Anfam<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDavid Anfam, an art historian who rewrote the history of Abstract Expressionism, died in August at 69. He is widely credited with reshaping the way scholars understand the art of Mark Rothko, whose work Anfam compiled into a 1998 catalogue raisonn\u00e9. <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLeonard Riggio<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Skip Bolen\/WireImage\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLeonard Riggio, the Barnes & Noble founder who collected significant works by Willem de Kooning, Richard Serra, and more, died in August at 83. He helped transform Dia:Beacon, a haven for Minimalism in Upstate New York, with a $30 million gift that helped support the acquisition of the museum\u2019s famed Serra sculptures.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Christoph Soeder\/dpa\/picture alliance via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt, a German mail artist, died in February at 92. Working in East Berlin before the fall of the Soviet regime, she produced papers lined with dazzling arrays of typewritten text that she posted across the world.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nEikoh Hosoe<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Astrid Stawiarz\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tEikoh Hosoe, an artist who steered Japanese photography in a new direction, died in September at 91. During the 1960s, he famously photographed the writer Yukio Mishima, whom he pictured in states of extreme submission and domination.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAlexis Smith<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Pauline Stella Sanchez, 2017\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAlexis Smith, an artist who explored (and subverted) Californian mythology, died in January at 74. She frequently recycled found images in installations, collages, and paintings that exposed the seedy underbelly of Hollywood.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nYong Soon Min<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tYong Soon Min, an artist who pondered how her identity had been reshaped by her move to the United States from her home country of Korea, died in March at 70. Her photographs and installations were influential to generations of Los Angeles artists who came up after her, some of whom she personally fostered as an educator.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nG\u00fcnter Brus<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tG\u00fcnter Brus, an Austrian provocateur associated with the Viennese Actionist movement of the 1960s, died in February at 85. He often used his body for performances such as The Real Test<\/em> (1970), for which he repeatedly cut himself with a razor until he passed out from exhaustion.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n
\n\tFrank Stella, an artist who paved the way for Minimalism before turning his work maximalist, died in May at 87. He remains well-known for his \u201cBlack Paintings\u201d of the 1950s, in which evenly spaced white lines create patterns against black backgrounds, though he has also gained an audience for monumentally scaled sculptures that explode with color.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
Richard Serra<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Redferns\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRichard Serra, a Minimalist sculptor whose gigantic creations defined an era of art-making in New York, died in March at 85. His sculptures were often made of monumental sheets of steel that arced around viewers, inducing claustrophobia and awe in equal measure.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJackie Winsor<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\n\tJackie Winsor, an artist known for her labor-intensive sculptures, died in September at 82. Working alongside the Minimalists during the 1970s, she crafted objects from wood, copper, and cement; the pieces seemed to contain mysteries that remained unknowable to viewers.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBarbara Gladstone<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Shawn Ehlers\/WireImage, Via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBarbara Gladstone, one of the foremost New York gallerists, died in June at 89. She opened her dealership, Gladstone Gallery, in 1980, and would go on to make stars out of artists such as Matthew Barney, Jenny Holzer, and Richard Prince.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nCarl Andre<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tCarl Andre, a leading light of the Minimalist art movement of the 1960s and \u201970s, died in January at 88. He gained acclaim during that period for sculptures composed of evenly sized firebricks, a way of bringing art \u201cclose to zero,\u201d as he once put it. His death revived interest in the 1985 death of his partner, the artist Ana Mendieta, who fell from his apartment\u2019s window; Andre was acquitted after facing a murder trial.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFaith Ringgold<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Anthony Barboza\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFaith Ringgold, a pioneering artist who upheld Black women\u2019s perspectives, died in April at 93. Across figurative paintings, painted quilts, children\u2019s books, and impassioned protests, Ringgold combated racism and misogyny while also making space in the canon for Black women like herself.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFathi Ghaben<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Via Palestinian Achievements on X\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFathi Ghaben, a painter known for his colorful images of the resilient Palestinian spirit, died in March at 77. According to the Palestinian Ministry of Culture, Ghaben died because he was suffering from chronic chest and lung illness, and had been unable to seek medical help from a medical system hobbled by Israel\u2019s war in Gaza.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBrent Sikkema<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Will Ragozzino\/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBrent Sikkema, a New York gallerist who boosted the profiles of well-known artists such as Kara Walker and Jeffrey Gibson, died in January at 75. Sikkema, a founder of the New York gallery Sikkema Jenkins & Co., was found stabbed to death in his Rio de Janeiro apartment, setting off an investigation that is still ongoing.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFrank Auerbach<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Ward\/Rex Features\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFrank Auerbach, one of the most acclaimed British artists of the 20th century, died in November at 93. He redefined portraiture, laying paint on so thickly that his works appeared sculptural and abstract.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nGary Indiana<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Catherine McGann\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tGary Indiana, a writer whose prickly art criticism for the Village Voice<\/em> during the 1980s was widely read, frequently imitated, and rarely matched, died in October at 74. He also wrote a range of beloved novels, many of which were only reissued recently, after years of being out of print, and exhibited his art during the final stages of his career.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nKeiichi Tanaami<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist, Nanzuka, and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKeiichi Tanaami, an artist who processed postwar trauma via collages and films composed of a barrage of appropriated images, died in August at 88. He is currently the subject of a survey at the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami that features some of his final works, in which characters lifted from Picasso paintings appear to mutate.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRebecca Horn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Latz\/DDP\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRebecca Horn, one of Germany\u2019s most acclaimed artists, died in September at 80. Her unclassifiable performances and sculptures tended to center around women\u2019s bodies, though Horn\u2019s art rarely communicated in direct statements. Instead, she often enlisted mysterious objects in situations that spoke to fractured selves and damaged psyches.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRosa de la Cruz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the de la Cruz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRosa de la Cruz, a Miami-based collector who amassed a significant collection of conceptual art, died in February at 81. The Miami art space she ran with her husband Carlos helped put the Floridian city on the map; that space closed this year, and its building will soon be taken over by the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami. Her collection included key works by artists such as Ana Mendieta, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Christina Quarles, and Glenn Ligon.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBill Viola<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo James Keyser\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBill Viola, a video artist who helped define the course of his medium with works pondering death and the passage of time, died in July at 73. Having started with lo-fi videotapes, Viola later became known for installations that induce self-reflection and epic multichannel works featuring resurrections, bursts of water, and art-historical allusions.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRichard Mayhew<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist’s estate and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRichard Mayhew, a painter whose abstractions often resembled semi-imagined landscapes, died in September at 100. He said he used \u201clandscape as a metaphor to express emotion\u201d and relied upon an expressive color palette.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nZilia S\u00e1nchez<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Raquel Perez Puig\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tZilia S\u00e1nchez, an abstractionist known for her shaped paintings that protrude outward, creating forms that resembled female bodies, died in December at 98. A queer Cuban-born woman who lived in self-imposed exile in Puerto Rico, she gained widespread recognition in the final decade of her career, when her art appeared in two Venice Biennales.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nKasper K\u00f6nig<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: ullstein bild via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKasper K\u00f6nig, a curator who altered the German scene forever with his boundary-pushing projects, died in August at 80. In addition to founding Frankfurt\u2019s Portikus museum and directing the Museum Ludwig, he established Skulptur Projekte M\u00fcnster, an exhibition of monumentally scaled sculpture that takes place once a decade.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSafeya Binzagr<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Tessa Solomon\/ARTnews\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSafeya Binzagr, one of the most important artists in Saudi Arabia, died in September at 86. Though famous in her home country for her paintings and fabric pieces, she was also notable for launching a cultural center in 1995 in Jeddah, a city that had no other institution like it at the time.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAudrey Flack<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAudrey Flack, a Photorealist painter whose large-scale canvases raised the everyday and the d\u00e9class\u00e9 to the status of high art, died in June at 93. Toward the end of her career, she focused on creating \u201cPost-Pop-Baroque\u201d paintings filled with a tumult of things, an attempt, she said, at \u201cbringing back the masters.\u201d <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSarah Cunningham<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Lisson Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSarah Cunningham, a painter known in England for her abstracted landscapes, died in November at 31. At the time of her passing, Cunningham had been on the cusp of fame, having just gained representation with Lisson Gallery. Shortly before her death was confirmed by British police, she had gone missing in London.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJune Leaf<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Brian Graham\/Courtesy Hyphen\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJune Leaf, an artist whose unclassifiable work pondered the limits of figuration, died in July at 94. She described herself as \u201ca painter who had to have a tactile experience with the world,\u201d and is most fondly remembered for sculptures that jump into motion upon being triggered. Her art had developed a cult following over the years, and her fan base is poised to expand in 2025 with a retrospective that will tour the US.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDestiny Deacon<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Clayton-Jones\/Fairfax Media via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDestiny Deacon, an Aboriginal artist who dealt head-on with racism in her photographs and installations, died in May at 67. Within Australia, she was most famous for her pictures of dolls intended to demean Aboriginal people. Those toys, she said, \u201crepresent us as people, because white Australia didn\u2019t come to terms with us as people.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDinh Q. L\u00ea<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jonathan Wong\/South China Morning Post via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDinh Q. L\u00ea, an artist known for challenging pieces about trauma and the loss of history in Vietnam, died in April at 56. Though the vast majority of his oeuvre took the form of conceptual photography, he is most famous for The Farmers and the Helicopters<\/em>, a 2006 video installation about American representations of the war in Vietnam.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nLucas Samaras<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Pace Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLucas Samaras, an artist who sliced, diced, fragmented, and warped images of himself in mind-altering artworks, died in March at 87. He worked across a variety of mediums, from installation art to photography, and gained acclaim during the 1960s for \u201cBoxes,\u201d sculptures studded with pins, razors, and shards, sometimes with camera-made pictures inset in the objects\u2019 surfaces.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBen Vautier<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Monier\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBen Vautier, a French artist associated with the Fluxus movement of the 1960s, died in June at 88. In expansive installations and paintings scrawled with cursive text, he showed that any division between life and art was inherently false. \u201cEverything is art,\u201d he frequently proclaimed.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPierre Levai<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPierre Levai, the longtime leader of the New York branch of Marlborough Gallery, died in June at 87. With Levai at the helm, Marlborough mounted key presentations of work by Philip Guston, Marisol, Alex Katz, and many more during the postwar era. The 80-year-old London-based gallery began winding down operations the same month that Levai died.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDorothy Lichtenstein<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jack Mitchell\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDorothy Lichtenstein, the longtime leader of a foundation devoted to her husband, the Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein, died in July at 84. When that foundation began the process of shutting down in 2018, she helped disperse a number of works to institutions such as the Whitney Museum, currently the owner of hundreds of works by Roy and the organizer of a retrospective for him due to open in 2026.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLillian Schwartz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Henry Ford Museum, Gift of the Lillian F. Schwartz & Laurens R. Schwartz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLillian Schwartz, a trailblazing computer artist, died in October at 97. Her films of the 1970s that enlisted computer-generated imagery have influenced generations of filmmakers and artists after her. She also holds a special place in history as the first female artist in residence at Bell Labs.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPatti Astor<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Allan Tannenbaum\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPatti Astor, a core member of the Downtown New York scene of the 1980s, died in April at 74. She ran the short-lived but influential Fun Gallery, which offered Jean-Michel Basqiuat, Kenny Scharf, Lee Qui\u00f1ones, Fab 5 Freddy, and others some of their first major exposure.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nMarian Zazeela<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Will Ragozzino\/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tMarian Zazeela, an artist whose Dream House<\/em> installation, produced with her husband La Monte Young, remains a point of pilgrimage in New York, died in March at 83. Working solo, she also made trippy drawings that she called \u201cborderline art\u201d because of the way that they disturb the \u201cconventional distinction between decorative and fine art by using decorative elements in the fine art tradition.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nWalter Dahn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Andrea Stappert\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tWalter Dahn, a member of the Junge Wilde group of German artists of the 1970s, died in November at 70. His intentionally inelegant painterly style gained him an early appearance in Documenta and a range of admirers, including the artist Richard Prince.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFarhad Moshiri<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy The Third Line, Dubai. Photo: Claire Dorn.\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFarhad Moshiri, an Iranian artist who filtered Persian tradition through a Pop art sensibility, died in July at 61. He often collaborated with craftswomen for projects that recreated photographs in thread.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJacqueline de Jong<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photostudio Koos Breukel\/Courtesy Ortuzar Projects, New York\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJacqueline de Jong, a Dutch painter who revolutionized figurative painting over and over again, died in June at 85. She briefly ran the journal of the Situationist movement of the 1960s before launching a career as a painter. It was not until recently, however, that she gained recognition for her work beyond Situationism.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDavid Anfam<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDavid Anfam, an art historian who rewrote the history of Abstract Expressionism, died in August at 69. He is widely credited with reshaping the way scholars understand the art of Mark Rothko, whose work Anfam compiled into a 1998 catalogue raisonn\u00e9. <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLeonard Riggio<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Skip Bolen\/WireImage\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLeonard Riggio, the Barnes & Noble founder who collected significant works by Willem de Kooning, Richard Serra, and more, died in August at 83. He helped transform Dia:Beacon, a haven for Minimalism in Upstate New York, with a $30 million gift that helped support the acquisition of the museum\u2019s famed Serra sculptures.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Christoph Soeder\/dpa\/picture alliance via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt, a German mail artist, died in February at 92. Working in East Berlin before the fall of the Soviet regime, she produced papers lined with dazzling arrays of typewritten text that she posted across the world.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nEikoh Hosoe<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Astrid Stawiarz\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tEikoh Hosoe, an artist who steered Japanese photography in a new direction, died in September at 91. During the 1960s, he famously photographed the writer Yukio Mishima, whom he pictured in states of extreme submission and domination.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAlexis Smith<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Pauline Stella Sanchez, 2017\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAlexis Smith, an artist who explored (and subverted) Californian mythology, died in January at 74. She frequently recycled found images in installations, collages, and paintings that exposed the seedy underbelly of Hollywood.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nYong Soon Min<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tYong Soon Min, an artist who pondered how her identity had been reshaped by her move to the United States from her home country of Korea, died in March at 70. Her photographs and installations were influential to generations of Los Angeles artists who came up after her, some of whom she personally fostered as an educator.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nG\u00fcnter Brus<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tG\u00fcnter Brus, an Austrian provocateur associated with the Viennese Actionist movement of the 1960s, died in February at 85. He often used his body for performances such as The Real Test<\/em> (1970), for which he repeatedly cut himself with a razor until he passed out from exhaustion.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n
\n\tRichard Serra, a Minimalist sculptor whose gigantic creations defined an era of art-making in New York, died in March at 85. His sculptures were often made of monumental sheets of steel that arced around viewers, inducing claustrophobia and awe in equal measure.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
Jackie Winsor<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\n\tJackie Winsor, an artist known for her labor-intensive sculptures, died in September at 82. Working alongside the Minimalists during the 1970s, she crafted objects from wood, copper, and cement; the pieces seemed to contain mysteries that remained unknowable to viewers.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBarbara Gladstone<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Shawn Ehlers\/WireImage, Via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBarbara Gladstone, one of the foremost New York gallerists, died in June at 89. She opened her dealership, Gladstone Gallery, in 1980, and would go on to make stars out of artists such as Matthew Barney, Jenny Holzer, and Richard Prince.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nCarl Andre<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tCarl Andre, a leading light of the Minimalist art movement of the 1960s and \u201970s, died in January at 88. He gained acclaim during that period for sculptures composed of evenly sized firebricks, a way of bringing art \u201cclose to zero,\u201d as he once put it. His death revived interest in the 1985 death of his partner, the artist Ana Mendieta, who fell from his apartment\u2019s window; Andre was acquitted after facing a murder trial.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFaith Ringgold<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Anthony Barboza\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFaith Ringgold, a pioneering artist who upheld Black women\u2019s perspectives, died in April at 93. Across figurative paintings, painted quilts, children\u2019s books, and impassioned protests, Ringgold combated racism and misogyny while also making space in the canon for Black women like herself.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFathi Ghaben<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Via Palestinian Achievements on X\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFathi Ghaben, a painter known for his colorful images of the resilient Palestinian spirit, died in March at 77. According to the Palestinian Ministry of Culture, Ghaben died because he was suffering from chronic chest and lung illness, and had been unable to seek medical help from a medical system hobbled by Israel\u2019s war in Gaza.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBrent Sikkema<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Will Ragozzino\/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBrent Sikkema, a New York gallerist who boosted the profiles of well-known artists such as Kara Walker and Jeffrey Gibson, died in January at 75. Sikkema, a founder of the New York gallery Sikkema Jenkins & Co., was found stabbed to death in his Rio de Janeiro apartment, setting off an investigation that is still ongoing.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFrank Auerbach<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Ward\/Rex Features\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFrank Auerbach, one of the most acclaimed British artists of the 20th century, died in November at 93. He redefined portraiture, laying paint on so thickly that his works appeared sculptural and abstract.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nGary Indiana<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Catherine McGann\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tGary Indiana, a writer whose prickly art criticism for the Village Voice<\/em> during the 1980s was widely read, frequently imitated, and rarely matched, died in October at 74. He also wrote a range of beloved novels, many of which were only reissued recently, after years of being out of print, and exhibited his art during the final stages of his career.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nKeiichi Tanaami<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist, Nanzuka, and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKeiichi Tanaami, an artist who processed postwar trauma via collages and films composed of a barrage of appropriated images, died in August at 88. He is currently the subject of a survey at the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami that features some of his final works, in which characters lifted from Picasso paintings appear to mutate.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRebecca Horn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Latz\/DDP\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRebecca Horn, one of Germany\u2019s most acclaimed artists, died in September at 80. Her unclassifiable performances and sculptures tended to center around women\u2019s bodies, though Horn\u2019s art rarely communicated in direct statements. Instead, she often enlisted mysterious objects in situations that spoke to fractured selves and damaged psyches.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRosa de la Cruz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the de la Cruz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRosa de la Cruz, a Miami-based collector who amassed a significant collection of conceptual art, died in February at 81. The Miami art space she ran with her husband Carlos helped put the Floridian city on the map; that space closed this year, and its building will soon be taken over by the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami. Her collection included key works by artists such as Ana Mendieta, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Christina Quarles, and Glenn Ligon.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBill Viola<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo James Keyser\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBill Viola, a video artist who helped define the course of his medium with works pondering death and the passage of time, died in July at 73. Having started with lo-fi videotapes, Viola later became known for installations that induce self-reflection and epic multichannel works featuring resurrections, bursts of water, and art-historical allusions.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRichard Mayhew<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist’s estate and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRichard Mayhew, a painter whose abstractions often resembled semi-imagined landscapes, died in September at 100. He said he used \u201clandscape as a metaphor to express emotion\u201d and relied upon an expressive color palette.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nZilia S\u00e1nchez<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Raquel Perez Puig\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tZilia S\u00e1nchez, an abstractionist known for her shaped paintings that protrude outward, creating forms that resembled female bodies, died in December at 98. A queer Cuban-born woman who lived in self-imposed exile in Puerto Rico, she gained widespread recognition in the final decade of her career, when her art appeared in two Venice Biennales.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nKasper K\u00f6nig<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: ullstein bild via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKasper K\u00f6nig, a curator who altered the German scene forever with his boundary-pushing projects, died in August at 80. In addition to founding Frankfurt\u2019s Portikus museum and directing the Museum Ludwig, he established Skulptur Projekte M\u00fcnster, an exhibition of monumentally scaled sculpture that takes place once a decade.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSafeya Binzagr<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Tessa Solomon\/ARTnews\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSafeya Binzagr, one of the most important artists in Saudi Arabia, died in September at 86. Though famous in her home country for her paintings and fabric pieces, she was also notable for launching a cultural center in 1995 in Jeddah, a city that had no other institution like it at the time.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAudrey Flack<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAudrey Flack, a Photorealist painter whose large-scale canvases raised the everyday and the d\u00e9class\u00e9 to the status of high art, died in June at 93. Toward the end of her career, she focused on creating \u201cPost-Pop-Baroque\u201d paintings filled with a tumult of things, an attempt, she said, at \u201cbringing back the masters.\u201d <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSarah Cunningham<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Lisson Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSarah Cunningham, a painter known in England for her abstracted landscapes, died in November at 31. At the time of her passing, Cunningham had been on the cusp of fame, having just gained representation with Lisson Gallery. Shortly before her death was confirmed by British police, she had gone missing in London.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJune Leaf<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Brian Graham\/Courtesy Hyphen\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJune Leaf, an artist whose unclassifiable work pondered the limits of figuration, died in July at 94. She described herself as \u201ca painter who had to have a tactile experience with the world,\u201d and is most fondly remembered for sculptures that jump into motion upon being triggered. Her art had developed a cult following over the years, and her fan base is poised to expand in 2025 with a retrospective that will tour the US.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDestiny Deacon<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Clayton-Jones\/Fairfax Media via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDestiny Deacon, an Aboriginal artist who dealt head-on with racism in her photographs and installations, died in May at 67. Within Australia, she was most famous for her pictures of dolls intended to demean Aboriginal people. Those toys, she said, \u201crepresent us as people, because white Australia didn\u2019t come to terms with us as people.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDinh Q. L\u00ea<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jonathan Wong\/South China Morning Post via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDinh Q. L\u00ea, an artist known for challenging pieces about trauma and the loss of history in Vietnam, died in April at 56. Though the vast majority of his oeuvre took the form of conceptual photography, he is most famous for The Farmers and the Helicopters<\/em>, a 2006 video installation about American representations of the war in Vietnam.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nLucas Samaras<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Pace Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLucas Samaras, an artist who sliced, diced, fragmented, and warped images of himself in mind-altering artworks, died in March at 87. He worked across a variety of mediums, from installation art to photography, and gained acclaim during the 1960s for \u201cBoxes,\u201d sculptures studded with pins, razors, and shards, sometimes with camera-made pictures inset in the objects\u2019 surfaces.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBen Vautier<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Monier\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBen Vautier, a French artist associated with the Fluxus movement of the 1960s, died in June at 88. In expansive installations and paintings scrawled with cursive text, he showed that any division between life and art was inherently false. \u201cEverything is art,\u201d he frequently proclaimed.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPierre Levai<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPierre Levai, the longtime leader of the New York branch of Marlborough Gallery, died in June at 87. With Levai at the helm, Marlborough mounted key presentations of work by Philip Guston, Marisol, Alex Katz, and many more during the postwar era. The 80-year-old London-based gallery began winding down operations the same month that Levai died.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDorothy Lichtenstein<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jack Mitchell\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDorothy Lichtenstein, the longtime leader of a foundation devoted to her husband, the Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein, died in July at 84. When that foundation began the process of shutting down in 2018, she helped disperse a number of works to institutions such as the Whitney Museum, currently the owner of hundreds of works by Roy and the organizer of a retrospective for him due to open in 2026.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLillian Schwartz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Henry Ford Museum, Gift of the Lillian F. Schwartz & Laurens R. Schwartz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLillian Schwartz, a trailblazing computer artist, died in October at 97. Her films of the 1970s that enlisted computer-generated imagery have influenced generations of filmmakers and artists after her. She also holds a special place in history as the first female artist in residence at Bell Labs.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPatti Astor<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Allan Tannenbaum\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPatti Astor, a core member of the Downtown New York scene of the 1980s, died in April at 74. She ran the short-lived but influential Fun Gallery, which offered Jean-Michel Basqiuat, Kenny Scharf, Lee Qui\u00f1ones, Fab 5 Freddy, and others some of their first major exposure.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nMarian Zazeela<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Will Ragozzino\/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tMarian Zazeela, an artist whose Dream House<\/em> installation, produced with her husband La Monte Young, remains a point of pilgrimage in New York, died in March at 83. Working solo, she also made trippy drawings that she called \u201cborderline art\u201d because of the way that they disturb the \u201cconventional distinction between decorative and fine art by using decorative elements in the fine art tradition.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nWalter Dahn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Andrea Stappert\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tWalter Dahn, a member of the Junge Wilde group of German artists of the 1970s, died in November at 70. His intentionally inelegant painterly style gained him an early appearance in Documenta and a range of admirers, including the artist Richard Prince.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFarhad Moshiri<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy The Third Line, Dubai. Photo: Claire Dorn.\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFarhad Moshiri, an Iranian artist who filtered Persian tradition through a Pop art sensibility, died in July at 61. He often collaborated with craftswomen for projects that recreated photographs in thread.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJacqueline de Jong<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photostudio Koos Breukel\/Courtesy Ortuzar Projects, New York\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJacqueline de Jong, a Dutch painter who revolutionized figurative painting over and over again, died in June at 85. She briefly ran the journal of the Situationist movement of the 1960s before launching a career as a painter. It was not until recently, however, that she gained recognition for her work beyond Situationism.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDavid Anfam<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDavid Anfam, an art historian who rewrote the history of Abstract Expressionism, died in August at 69. He is widely credited with reshaping the way scholars understand the art of Mark Rothko, whose work Anfam compiled into a 1998 catalogue raisonn\u00e9. <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLeonard Riggio<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Skip Bolen\/WireImage\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLeonard Riggio, the Barnes & Noble founder who collected significant works by Willem de Kooning, Richard Serra, and more, died in August at 83. He helped transform Dia:Beacon, a haven for Minimalism in Upstate New York, with a $30 million gift that helped support the acquisition of the museum\u2019s famed Serra sculptures.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Christoph Soeder\/dpa\/picture alliance via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt, a German mail artist, died in February at 92. Working in East Berlin before the fall of the Soviet regime, she produced papers lined with dazzling arrays of typewritten text that she posted across the world.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nEikoh Hosoe<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Astrid Stawiarz\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tEikoh Hosoe, an artist who steered Japanese photography in a new direction, died in September at 91. During the 1960s, he famously photographed the writer Yukio Mishima, whom he pictured in states of extreme submission and domination.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAlexis Smith<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Pauline Stella Sanchez, 2017\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAlexis Smith, an artist who explored (and subverted) Californian mythology, died in January at 74. She frequently recycled found images in installations, collages, and paintings that exposed the seedy underbelly of Hollywood.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nYong Soon Min<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tYong Soon Min, an artist who pondered how her identity had been reshaped by her move to the United States from her home country of Korea, died in March at 70. Her photographs and installations were influential to generations of Los Angeles artists who came up after her, some of whom she personally fostered as an educator.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nG\u00fcnter Brus<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tG\u00fcnter Brus, an Austrian provocateur associated with the Viennese Actionist movement of the 1960s, died in February at 85. He often used his body for performances such as The Real Test<\/em> (1970), for which he repeatedly cut himself with a razor until he passed out from exhaustion.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n
\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\n\tJackie Winsor, an artist known for her labor-intensive sculptures, died in September at 82. Working alongside the Minimalists during the 1970s, she crafted objects from wood, copper, and cement; the pieces seemed to contain mysteries that remained unknowable to viewers.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
Barbara Gladstone<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Shawn Ehlers\/WireImage, Via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBarbara Gladstone, one of the foremost New York gallerists, died in June at 89. She opened her dealership, Gladstone Gallery, in 1980, and would go on to make stars out of artists such as Matthew Barney, Jenny Holzer, and Richard Prince.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nCarl Andre<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tCarl Andre, a leading light of the Minimalist art movement of the 1960s and \u201970s, died in January at 88. He gained acclaim during that period for sculptures composed of evenly sized firebricks, a way of bringing art \u201cclose to zero,\u201d as he once put it. His death revived interest in the 1985 death of his partner, the artist Ana Mendieta, who fell from his apartment\u2019s window; Andre was acquitted after facing a murder trial.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFaith Ringgold<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Anthony Barboza\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFaith Ringgold, a pioneering artist who upheld Black women\u2019s perspectives, died in April at 93. Across figurative paintings, painted quilts, children\u2019s books, and impassioned protests, Ringgold combated racism and misogyny while also making space in the canon for Black women like herself.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFathi Ghaben<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Via Palestinian Achievements on X\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFathi Ghaben, a painter known for his colorful images of the resilient Palestinian spirit, died in March at 77. According to the Palestinian Ministry of Culture, Ghaben died because he was suffering from chronic chest and lung illness, and had been unable to seek medical help from a medical system hobbled by Israel\u2019s war in Gaza.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBrent Sikkema<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Will Ragozzino\/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBrent Sikkema, a New York gallerist who boosted the profiles of well-known artists such as Kara Walker and Jeffrey Gibson, died in January at 75. Sikkema, a founder of the New York gallery Sikkema Jenkins & Co., was found stabbed to death in his Rio de Janeiro apartment, setting off an investigation that is still ongoing.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFrank Auerbach<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Ward\/Rex Features\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFrank Auerbach, one of the most acclaimed British artists of the 20th century, died in November at 93. He redefined portraiture, laying paint on so thickly that his works appeared sculptural and abstract.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nGary Indiana<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Catherine McGann\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tGary Indiana, a writer whose prickly art criticism for the Village Voice<\/em> during the 1980s was widely read, frequently imitated, and rarely matched, died in October at 74. He also wrote a range of beloved novels, many of which were only reissued recently, after years of being out of print, and exhibited his art during the final stages of his career.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nKeiichi Tanaami<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist, Nanzuka, and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKeiichi Tanaami, an artist who processed postwar trauma via collages and films composed of a barrage of appropriated images, died in August at 88. He is currently the subject of a survey at the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami that features some of his final works, in which characters lifted from Picasso paintings appear to mutate.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRebecca Horn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Latz\/DDP\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRebecca Horn, one of Germany\u2019s most acclaimed artists, died in September at 80. Her unclassifiable performances and sculptures tended to center around women\u2019s bodies, though Horn\u2019s art rarely communicated in direct statements. Instead, she often enlisted mysterious objects in situations that spoke to fractured selves and damaged psyches.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRosa de la Cruz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the de la Cruz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRosa de la Cruz, a Miami-based collector who amassed a significant collection of conceptual art, died in February at 81. The Miami art space she ran with her husband Carlos helped put the Floridian city on the map; that space closed this year, and its building will soon be taken over by the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami. Her collection included key works by artists such as Ana Mendieta, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Christina Quarles, and Glenn Ligon.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBill Viola<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo James Keyser\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBill Viola, a video artist who helped define the course of his medium with works pondering death and the passage of time, died in July at 73. Having started with lo-fi videotapes, Viola later became known for installations that induce self-reflection and epic multichannel works featuring resurrections, bursts of water, and art-historical allusions.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRichard Mayhew<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist’s estate and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRichard Mayhew, a painter whose abstractions often resembled semi-imagined landscapes, died in September at 100. He said he used \u201clandscape as a metaphor to express emotion\u201d and relied upon an expressive color palette.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nZilia S\u00e1nchez<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Raquel Perez Puig\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tZilia S\u00e1nchez, an abstractionist known for her shaped paintings that protrude outward, creating forms that resembled female bodies, died in December at 98. A queer Cuban-born woman who lived in self-imposed exile in Puerto Rico, she gained widespread recognition in the final decade of her career, when her art appeared in two Venice Biennales.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nKasper K\u00f6nig<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: ullstein bild via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKasper K\u00f6nig, a curator who altered the German scene forever with his boundary-pushing projects, died in August at 80. In addition to founding Frankfurt\u2019s Portikus museum and directing the Museum Ludwig, he established Skulptur Projekte M\u00fcnster, an exhibition of monumentally scaled sculpture that takes place once a decade.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSafeya Binzagr<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Tessa Solomon\/ARTnews\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSafeya Binzagr, one of the most important artists in Saudi Arabia, died in September at 86. Though famous in her home country for her paintings and fabric pieces, she was also notable for launching a cultural center in 1995 in Jeddah, a city that had no other institution like it at the time.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAudrey Flack<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAudrey Flack, a Photorealist painter whose large-scale canvases raised the everyday and the d\u00e9class\u00e9 to the status of high art, died in June at 93. Toward the end of her career, she focused on creating \u201cPost-Pop-Baroque\u201d paintings filled with a tumult of things, an attempt, she said, at \u201cbringing back the masters.\u201d <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSarah Cunningham<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Lisson Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSarah Cunningham, a painter known in England for her abstracted landscapes, died in November at 31. At the time of her passing, Cunningham had been on the cusp of fame, having just gained representation with Lisson Gallery. Shortly before her death was confirmed by British police, she had gone missing in London.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJune Leaf<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Brian Graham\/Courtesy Hyphen\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJune Leaf, an artist whose unclassifiable work pondered the limits of figuration, died in July at 94. She described herself as \u201ca painter who had to have a tactile experience with the world,\u201d and is most fondly remembered for sculptures that jump into motion upon being triggered. Her art had developed a cult following over the years, and her fan base is poised to expand in 2025 with a retrospective that will tour the US.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDestiny Deacon<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Clayton-Jones\/Fairfax Media via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDestiny Deacon, an Aboriginal artist who dealt head-on with racism in her photographs and installations, died in May at 67. Within Australia, she was most famous for her pictures of dolls intended to demean Aboriginal people. Those toys, she said, \u201crepresent us as people, because white Australia didn\u2019t come to terms with us as people.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDinh Q. L\u00ea<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jonathan Wong\/South China Morning Post via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDinh Q. L\u00ea, an artist known for challenging pieces about trauma and the loss of history in Vietnam, died in April at 56. Though the vast majority of his oeuvre took the form of conceptual photography, he is most famous for The Farmers and the Helicopters<\/em>, a 2006 video installation about American representations of the war in Vietnam.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nLucas Samaras<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Pace Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLucas Samaras, an artist who sliced, diced, fragmented, and warped images of himself in mind-altering artworks, died in March at 87. He worked across a variety of mediums, from installation art to photography, and gained acclaim during the 1960s for \u201cBoxes,\u201d sculptures studded with pins, razors, and shards, sometimes with camera-made pictures inset in the objects\u2019 surfaces.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBen Vautier<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Monier\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBen Vautier, a French artist associated with the Fluxus movement of the 1960s, died in June at 88. In expansive installations and paintings scrawled with cursive text, he showed that any division between life and art was inherently false. \u201cEverything is art,\u201d he frequently proclaimed.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPierre Levai<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPierre Levai, the longtime leader of the New York branch of Marlborough Gallery, died in June at 87. With Levai at the helm, Marlborough mounted key presentations of work by Philip Guston, Marisol, Alex Katz, and many more during the postwar era. The 80-year-old London-based gallery began winding down operations the same month that Levai died.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDorothy Lichtenstein<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jack Mitchell\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDorothy Lichtenstein, the longtime leader of a foundation devoted to her husband, the Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein, died in July at 84. When that foundation began the process of shutting down in 2018, she helped disperse a number of works to institutions such as the Whitney Museum, currently the owner of hundreds of works by Roy and the organizer of a retrospective for him due to open in 2026.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLillian Schwartz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Henry Ford Museum, Gift of the Lillian F. Schwartz & Laurens R. Schwartz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLillian Schwartz, a trailblazing computer artist, died in October at 97. Her films of the 1970s that enlisted computer-generated imagery have influenced generations of filmmakers and artists after her. She also holds a special place in history as the first female artist in residence at Bell Labs.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPatti Astor<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Allan Tannenbaum\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPatti Astor, a core member of the Downtown New York scene of the 1980s, died in April at 74. She ran the short-lived but influential Fun Gallery, which offered Jean-Michel Basqiuat, Kenny Scharf, Lee Qui\u00f1ones, Fab 5 Freddy, and others some of their first major exposure.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nMarian Zazeela<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Will Ragozzino\/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tMarian Zazeela, an artist whose Dream House<\/em> installation, produced with her husband La Monte Young, remains a point of pilgrimage in New York, died in March at 83. Working solo, she also made trippy drawings that she called \u201cborderline art\u201d because of the way that they disturb the \u201cconventional distinction between decorative and fine art by using decorative elements in the fine art tradition.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nWalter Dahn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Andrea Stappert\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tWalter Dahn, a member of the Junge Wilde group of German artists of the 1970s, died in November at 70. His intentionally inelegant painterly style gained him an early appearance in Documenta and a range of admirers, including the artist Richard Prince.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFarhad Moshiri<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy The Third Line, Dubai. Photo: Claire Dorn.\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFarhad Moshiri, an Iranian artist who filtered Persian tradition through a Pop art sensibility, died in July at 61. He often collaborated with craftswomen for projects that recreated photographs in thread.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJacqueline de Jong<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photostudio Koos Breukel\/Courtesy Ortuzar Projects, New York\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJacqueline de Jong, a Dutch painter who revolutionized figurative painting over and over again, died in June at 85. She briefly ran the journal of the Situationist movement of the 1960s before launching a career as a painter. It was not until recently, however, that she gained recognition for her work beyond Situationism.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDavid Anfam<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDavid Anfam, an art historian who rewrote the history of Abstract Expressionism, died in August at 69. He is widely credited with reshaping the way scholars understand the art of Mark Rothko, whose work Anfam compiled into a 1998 catalogue raisonn\u00e9. <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLeonard Riggio<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Skip Bolen\/WireImage\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLeonard Riggio, the Barnes & Noble founder who collected significant works by Willem de Kooning, Richard Serra, and more, died in August at 83. He helped transform Dia:Beacon, a haven for Minimalism in Upstate New York, with a $30 million gift that helped support the acquisition of the museum\u2019s famed Serra sculptures.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Christoph Soeder\/dpa\/picture alliance via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt, a German mail artist, died in February at 92. Working in East Berlin before the fall of the Soviet regime, she produced papers lined with dazzling arrays of typewritten text that she posted across the world.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nEikoh Hosoe<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Astrid Stawiarz\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tEikoh Hosoe, an artist who steered Japanese photography in a new direction, died in September at 91. During the 1960s, he famously photographed the writer Yukio Mishima, whom he pictured in states of extreme submission and domination.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAlexis Smith<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Pauline Stella Sanchez, 2017\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAlexis Smith, an artist who explored (and subverted) Californian mythology, died in January at 74. She frequently recycled found images in installations, collages, and paintings that exposed the seedy underbelly of Hollywood.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nYong Soon Min<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tYong Soon Min, an artist who pondered how her identity had been reshaped by her move to the United States from her home country of Korea, died in March at 70. Her photographs and installations were influential to generations of Los Angeles artists who came up after her, some of whom she personally fostered as an educator.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nG\u00fcnter Brus<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tG\u00fcnter Brus, an Austrian provocateur associated with the Viennese Actionist movement of the 1960s, died in February at 85. He often used his body for performances such as The Real Test<\/em> (1970), for which he repeatedly cut himself with a razor until he passed out from exhaustion.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n
\n\tBarbara Gladstone, one of the foremost New York gallerists, died in June at 89. She opened her dealership, Gladstone Gallery, in 1980, and would go on to make stars out of artists such as Matthew Barney, Jenny Holzer, and Richard Prince.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
Carl Andre<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tCarl Andre, a leading light of the Minimalist art movement of the 1960s and \u201970s, died in January at 88. He gained acclaim during that period for sculptures composed of evenly sized firebricks, a way of bringing art \u201cclose to zero,\u201d as he once put it. His death revived interest in the 1985 death of his partner, the artist Ana Mendieta, who fell from his apartment\u2019s window; Andre was acquitted after facing a murder trial.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFaith Ringgold<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Anthony Barboza\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFaith Ringgold, a pioneering artist who upheld Black women\u2019s perspectives, died in April at 93. Across figurative paintings, painted quilts, children\u2019s books, and impassioned protests, Ringgold combated racism and misogyny while also making space in the canon for Black women like herself.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFathi Ghaben<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Via Palestinian Achievements on X\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFathi Ghaben, a painter known for his colorful images of the resilient Palestinian spirit, died in March at 77. According to the Palestinian Ministry of Culture, Ghaben died because he was suffering from chronic chest and lung illness, and had been unable to seek medical help from a medical system hobbled by Israel\u2019s war in Gaza.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBrent Sikkema<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Will Ragozzino\/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBrent Sikkema, a New York gallerist who boosted the profiles of well-known artists such as Kara Walker and Jeffrey Gibson, died in January at 75. Sikkema, a founder of the New York gallery Sikkema Jenkins & Co., was found stabbed to death in his Rio de Janeiro apartment, setting off an investigation that is still ongoing.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFrank Auerbach<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Ward\/Rex Features\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFrank Auerbach, one of the most acclaimed British artists of the 20th century, died in November at 93. He redefined portraiture, laying paint on so thickly that his works appeared sculptural and abstract.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nGary Indiana<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Catherine McGann\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tGary Indiana, a writer whose prickly art criticism for the Village Voice<\/em> during the 1980s was widely read, frequently imitated, and rarely matched, died in October at 74. He also wrote a range of beloved novels, many of which were only reissued recently, after years of being out of print, and exhibited his art during the final stages of his career.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nKeiichi Tanaami<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist, Nanzuka, and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKeiichi Tanaami, an artist who processed postwar trauma via collages and films composed of a barrage of appropriated images, died in August at 88. He is currently the subject of a survey at the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami that features some of his final works, in which characters lifted from Picasso paintings appear to mutate.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRebecca Horn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Latz\/DDP\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRebecca Horn, one of Germany\u2019s most acclaimed artists, died in September at 80. Her unclassifiable performances and sculptures tended to center around women\u2019s bodies, though Horn\u2019s art rarely communicated in direct statements. Instead, she often enlisted mysterious objects in situations that spoke to fractured selves and damaged psyches.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRosa de la Cruz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the de la Cruz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRosa de la Cruz, a Miami-based collector who amassed a significant collection of conceptual art, died in February at 81. The Miami art space she ran with her husband Carlos helped put the Floridian city on the map; that space closed this year, and its building will soon be taken over by the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami. Her collection included key works by artists such as Ana Mendieta, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Christina Quarles, and Glenn Ligon.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBill Viola<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo James Keyser\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBill Viola, a video artist who helped define the course of his medium with works pondering death and the passage of time, died in July at 73. Having started with lo-fi videotapes, Viola later became known for installations that induce self-reflection and epic multichannel works featuring resurrections, bursts of water, and art-historical allusions.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRichard Mayhew<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist’s estate and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRichard Mayhew, a painter whose abstractions often resembled semi-imagined landscapes, died in September at 100. He said he used \u201clandscape as a metaphor to express emotion\u201d and relied upon an expressive color palette.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nZilia S\u00e1nchez<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Raquel Perez Puig\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tZilia S\u00e1nchez, an abstractionist known for her shaped paintings that protrude outward, creating forms that resembled female bodies, died in December at 98. A queer Cuban-born woman who lived in self-imposed exile in Puerto Rico, she gained widespread recognition in the final decade of her career, when her art appeared in two Venice Biennales.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nKasper K\u00f6nig<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: ullstein bild via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKasper K\u00f6nig, a curator who altered the German scene forever with his boundary-pushing projects, died in August at 80. In addition to founding Frankfurt\u2019s Portikus museum and directing the Museum Ludwig, he established Skulptur Projekte M\u00fcnster, an exhibition of monumentally scaled sculpture that takes place once a decade.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSafeya Binzagr<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Tessa Solomon\/ARTnews\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSafeya Binzagr, one of the most important artists in Saudi Arabia, died in September at 86. Though famous in her home country for her paintings and fabric pieces, she was also notable for launching a cultural center in 1995 in Jeddah, a city that had no other institution like it at the time.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAudrey Flack<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAudrey Flack, a Photorealist painter whose large-scale canvases raised the everyday and the d\u00e9class\u00e9 to the status of high art, died in June at 93. Toward the end of her career, she focused on creating \u201cPost-Pop-Baroque\u201d paintings filled with a tumult of things, an attempt, she said, at \u201cbringing back the masters.\u201d <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSarah Cunningham<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Lisson Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSarah Cunningham, a painter known in England for her abstracted landscapes, died in November at 31. At the time of her passing, Cunningham had been on the cusp of fame, having just gained representation with Lisson Gallery. Shortly before her death was confirmed by British police, she had gone missing in London.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJune Leaf<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Brian Graham\/Courtesy Hyphen\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJune Leaf, an artist whose unclassifiable work pondered the limits of figuration, died in July at 94. She described herself as \u201ca painter who had to have a tactile experience with the world,\u201d and is most fondly remembered for sculptures that jump into motion upon being triggered. Her art had developed a cult following over the years, and her fan base is poised to expand in 2025 with a retrospective that will tour the US.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDestiny Deacon<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Clayton-Jones\/Fairfax Media via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDestiny Deacon, an Aboriginal artist who dealt head-on with racism in her photographs and installations, died in May at 67. Within Australia, she was most famous for her pictures of dolls intended to demean Aboriginal people. Those toys, she said, \u201crepresent us as people, because white Australia didn\u2019t come to terms with us as people.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDinh Q. L\u00ea<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jonathan Wong\/South China Morning Post via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDinh Q. L\u00ea, an artist known for challenging pieces about trauma and the loss of history in Vietnam, died in April at 56. Though the vast majority of his oeuvre took the form of conceptual photography, he is most famous for The Farmers and the Helicopters<\/em>, a 2006 video installation about American representations of the war in Vietnam.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nLucas Samaras<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Pace Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLucas Samaras, an artist who sliced, diced, fragmented, and warped images of himself in mind-altering artworks, died in March at 87. He worked across a variety of mediums, from installation art to photography, and gained acclaim during the 1960s for \u201cBoxes,\u201d sculptures studded with pins, razors, and shards, sometimes with camera-made pictures inset in the objects\u2019 surfaces.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBen Vautier<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Monier\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBen Vautier, a French artist associated with the Fluxus movement of the 1960s, died in June at 88. In expansive installations and paintings scrawled with cursive text, he showed that any division between life and art was inherently false. \u201cEverything is art,\u201d he frequently proclaimed.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPierre Levai<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPierre Levai, the longtime leader of the New York branch of Marlborough Gallery, died in June at 87. With Levai at the helm, Marlborough mounted key presentations of work by Philip Guston, Marisol, Alex Katz, and many more during the postwar era. The 80-year-old London-based gallery began winding down operations the same month that Levai died.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDorothy Lichtenstein<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jack Mitchell\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDorothy Lichtenstein, the longtime leader of a foundation devoted to her husband, the Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein, died in July at 84. When that foundation began the process of shutting down in 2018, she helped disperse a number of works to institutions such as the Whitney Museum, currently the owner of hundreds of works by Roy and the organizer of a retrospective for him due to open in 2026.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLillian Schwartz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Henry Ford Museum, Gift of the Lillian F. Schwartz & Laurens R. Schwartz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLillian Schwartz, a trailblazing computer artist, died in October at 97. Her films of the 1970s that enlisted computer-generated imagery have influenced generations of filmmakers and artists after her. She also holds a special place in history as the first female artist in residence at Bell Labs.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPatti Astor<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Allan Tannenbaum\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPatti Astor, a core member of the Downtown New York scene of the 1980s, died in April at 74. She ran the short-lived but influential Fun Gallery, which offered Jean-Michel Basqiuat, Kenny Scharf, Lee Qui\u00f1ones, Fab 5 Freddy, and others some of their first major exposure.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nMarian Zazeela<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Will Ragozzino\/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tMarian Zazeela, an artist whose Dream House<\/em> installation, produced with her husband La Monte Young, remains a point of pilgrimage in New York, died in March at 83. Working solo, she also made trippy drawings that she called \u201cborderline art\u201d because of the way that they disturb the \u201cconventional distinction between decorative and fine art by using decorative elements in the fine art tradition.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nWalter Dahn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Andrea Stappert\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tWalter Dahn, a member of the Junge Wilde group of German artists of the 1970s, died in November at 70. His intentionally inelegant painterly style gained him an early appearance in Documenta and a range of admirers, including the artist Richard Prince.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFarhad Moshiri<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy The Third Line, Dubai. Photo: Claire Dorn.\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFarhad Moshiri, an Iranian artist who filtered Persian tradition through a Pop art sensibility, died in July at 61. He often collaborated with craftswomen for projects that recreated photographs in thread.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJacqueline de Jong<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photostudio Koos Breukel\/Courtesy Ortuzar Projects, New York\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJacqueline de Jong, a Dutch painter who revolutionized figurative painting over and over again, died in June at 85. She briefly ran the journal of the Situationist movement of the 1960s before launching a career as a painter. It was not until recently, however, that she gained recognition for her work beyond Situationism.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDavid Anfam<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDavid Anfam, an art historian who rewrote the history of Abstract Expressionism, died in August at 69. He is widely credited with reshaping the way scholars understand the art of Mark Rothko, whose work Anfam compiled into a 1998 catalogue raisonn\u00e9. <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLeonard Riggio<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Skip Bolen\/WireImage\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLeonard Riggio, the Barnes & Noble founder who collected significant works by Willem de Kooning, Richard Serra, and more, died in August at 83. He helped transform Dia:Beacon, a haven for Minimalism in Upstate New York, with a $30 million gift that helped support the acquisition of the museum\u2019s famed Serra sculptures.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Christoph Soeder\/dpa\/picture alliance via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt, a German mail artist, died in February at 92. Working in East Berlin before the fall of the Soviet regime, she produced papers lined with dazzling arrays of typewritten text that she posted across the world.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nEikoh Hosoe<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Astrid Stawiarz\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tEikoh Hosoe, an artist who steered Japanese photography in a new direction, died in September at 91. During the 1960s, he famously photographed the writer Yukio Mishima, whom he pictured in states of extreme submission and domination.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAlexis Smith<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Pauline Stella Sanchez, 2017\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAlexis Smith, an artist who explored (and subverted) Californian mythology, died in January at 74. She frequently recycled found images in installations, collages, and paintings that exposed the seedy underbelly of Hollywood.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nYong Soon Min<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tYong Soon Min, an artist who pondered how her identity had been reshaped by her move to the United States from her home country of Korea, died in March at 70. Her photographs and installations were influential to generations of Los Angeles artists who came up after her, some of whom she personally fostered as an educator.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nG\u00fcnter Brus<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tG\u00fcnter Brus, an Austrian provocateur associated with the Viennese Actionist movement of the 1960s, died in February at 85. He often used his body for performances such as The Real Test<\/em> (1970), for which he repeatedly cut himself with a razor until he passed out from exhaustion.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n
\n\tCarl Andre, a leading light of the Minimalist art movement of the 1960s and \u201970s, died in January at 88. He gained acclaim during that period for sculptures composed of evenly sized firebricks, a way of bringing art \u201cclose to zero,\u201d as he once put it. His death revived interest in the 1985 death of his partner, the artist Ana Mendieta, who fell from his apartment\u2019s window; Andre was acquitted after facing a murder trial.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
Faith Ringgold<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Anthony Barboza\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFaith Ringgold, a pioneering artist who upheld Black women\u2019s perspectives, died in April at 93. Across figurative paintings, painted quilts, children\u2019s books, and impassioned protests, Ringgold combated racism and misogyny while also making space in the canon for Black women like herself.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFathi Ghaben<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Via Palestinian Achievements on X\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFathi Ghaben, a painter known for his colorful images of the resilient Palestinian spirit, died in March at 77. According to the Palestinian Ministry of Culture, Ghaben died because he was suffering from chronic chest and lung illness, and had been unable to seek medical help from a medical system hobbled by Israel\u2019s war in Gaza.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBrent Sikkema<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Will Ragozzino\/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBrent Sikkema, a New York gallerist who boosted the profiles of well-known artists such as Kara Walker and Jeffrey Gibson, died in January at 75. Sikkema, a founder of the New York gallery Sikkema Jenkins & Co., was found stabbed to death in his Rio de Janeiro apartment, setting off an investigation that is still ongoing.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFrank Auerbach<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Ward\/Rex Features\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFrank Auerbach, one of the most acclaimed British artists of the 20th century, died in November at 93. He redefined portraiture, laying paint on so thickly that his works appeared sculptural and abstract.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nGary Indiana<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Catherine McGann\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tGary Indiana, a writer whose prickly art criticism for the Village Voice<\/em> during the 1980s was widely read, frequently imitated, and rarely matched, died in October at 74. He also wrote a range of beloved novels, many of which were only reissued recently, after years of being out of print, and exhibited his art during the final stages of his career.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nKeiichi Tanaami<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist, Nanzuka, and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKeiichi Tanaami, an artist who processed postwar trauma via collages and films composed of a barrage of appropriated images, died in August at 88. He is currently the subject of a survey at the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami that features some of his final works, in which characters lifted from Picasso paintings appear to mutate.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRebecca Horn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Latz\/DDP\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRebecca Horn, one of Germany\u2019s most acclaimed artists, died in September at 80. Her unclassifiable performances and sculptures tended to center around women\u2019s bodies, though Horn\u2019s art rarely communicated in direct statements. Instead, she often enlisted mysterious objects in situations that spoke to fractured selves and damaged psyches.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRosa de la Cruz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the de la Cruz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRosa de la Cruz, a Miami-based collector who amassed a significant collection of conceptual art, died in February at 81. The Miami art space she ran with her husband Carlos helped put the Floridian city on the map; that space closed this year, and its building will soon be taken over by the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami. Her collection included key works by artists such as Ana Mendieta, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Christina Quarles, and Glenn Ligon.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBill Viola<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo James Keyser\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBill Viola, a video artist who helped define the course of his medium with works pondering death and the passage of time, died in July at 73. Having started with lo-fi videotapes, Viola later became known for installations that induce self-reflection and epic multichannel works featuring resurrections, bursts of water, and art-historical allusions.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRichard Mayhew<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist’s estate and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRichard Mayhew, a painter whose abstractions often resembled semi-imagined landscapes, died in September at 100. He said he used \u201clandscape as a metaphor to express emotion\u201d and relied upon an expressive color palette.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nZilia S\u00e1nchez<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Raquel Perez Puig\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tZilia S\u00e1nchez, an abstractionist known for her shaped paintings that protrude outward, creating forms that resembled female bodies, died in December at 98. A queer Cuban-born woman who lived in self-imposed exile in Puerto Rico, she gained widespread recognition in the final decade of her career, when her art appeared in two Venice Biennales.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nKasper K\u00f6nig<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: ullstein bild via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKasper K\u00f6nig, a curator who altered the German scene forever with his boundary-pushing projects, died in August at 80. In addition to founding Frankfurt\u2019s Portikus museum and directing the Museum Ludwig, he established Skulptur Projekte M\u00fcnster, an exhibition of monumentally scaled sculpture that takes place once a decade.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSafeya Binzagr<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Tessa Solomon\/ARTnews\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSafeya Binzagr, one of the most important artists in Saudi Arabia, died in September at 86. Though famous in her home country for her paintings and fabric pieces, she was also notable for launching a cultural center in 1995 in Jeddah, a city that had no other institution like it at the time.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAudrey Flack<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAudrey Flack, a Photorealist painter whose large-scale canvases raised the everyday and the d\u00e9class\u00e9 to the status of high art, died in June at 93. Toward the end of her career, she focused on creating \u201cPost-Pop-Baroque\u201d paintings filled with a tumult of things, an attempt, she said, at \u201cbringing back the masters.\u201d <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSarah Cunningham<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Lisson Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSarah Cunningham, a painter known in England for her abstracted landscapes, died in November at 31. At the time of her passing, Cunningham had been on the cusp of fame, having just gained representation with Lisson Gallery. Shortly before her death was confirmed by British police, she had gone missing in London.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJune Leaf<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Brian Graham\/Courtesy Hyphen\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJune Leaf, an artist whose unclassifiable work pondered the limits of figuration, died in July at 94. She described herself as \u201ca painter who had to have a tactile experience with the world,\u201d and is most fondly remembered for sculptures that jump into motion upon being triggered. Her art had developed a cult following over the years, and her fan base is poised to expand in 2025 with a retrospective that will tour the US.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDestiny Deacon<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Clayton-Jones\/Fairfax Media via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDestiny Deacon, an Aboriginal artist who dealt head-on with racism in her photographs and installations, died in May at 67. Within Australia, she was most famous for her pictures of dolls intended to demean Aboriginal people. Those toys, she said, \u201crepresent us as people, because white Australia didn\u2019t come to terms with us as people.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDinh Q. L\u00ea<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jonathan Wong\/South China Morning Post via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDinh Q. L\u00ea, an artist known for challenging pieces about trauma and the loss of history in Vietnam, died in April at 56. Though the vast majority of his oeuvre took the form of conceptual photography, he is most famous for The Farmers and the Helicopters<\/em>, a 2006 video installation about American representations of the war in Vietnam.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nLucas Samaras<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Pace Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLucas Samaras, an artist who sliced, diced, fragmented, and warped images of himself in mind-altering artworks, died in March at 87. He worked across a variety of mediums, from installation art to photography, and gained acclaim during the 1960s for \u201cBoxes,\u201d sculptures studded with pins, razors, and shards, sometimes with camera-made pictures inset in the objects\u2019 surfaces.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBen Vautier<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Monier\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBen Vautier, a French artist associated with the Fluxus movement of the 1960s, died in June at 88. In expansive installations and paintings scrawled with cursive text, he showed that any division between life and art was inherently false. \u201cEverything is art,\u201d he frequently proclaimed.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPierre Levai<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPierre Levai, the longtime leader of the New York branch of Marlborough Gallery, died in June at 87. With Levai at the helm, Marlborough mounted key presentations of work by Philip Guston, Marisol, Alex Katz, and many more during the postwar era. The 80-year-old London-based gallery began winding down operations the same month that Levai died.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDorothy Lichtenstein<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jack Mitchell\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDorothy Lichtenstein, the longtime leader of a foundation devoted to her husband, the Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein, died in July at 84. When that foundation began the process of shutting down in 2018, she helped disperse a number of works to institutions such as the Whitney Museum, currently the owner of hundreds of works by Roy and the organizer of a retrospective for him due to open in 2026.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLillian Schwartz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Henry Ford Museum, Gift of the Lillian F. Schwartz & Laurens R. Schwartz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLillian Schwartz, a trailblazing computer artist, died in October at 97. Her films of the 1970s that enlisted computer-generated imagery have influenced generations of filmmakers and artists after her. She also holds a special place in history as the first female artist in residence at Bell Labs.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPatti Astor<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Allan Tannenbaum\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPatti Astor, a core member of the Downtown New York scene of the 1980s, died in April at 74. She ran the short-lived but influential Fun Gallery, which offered Jean-Michel Basqiuat, Kenny Scharf, Lee Qui\u00f1ones, Fab 5 Freddy, and others some of their first major exposure.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nMarian Zazeela<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Will Ragozzino\/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tMarian Zazeela, an artist whose Dream House<\/em> installation, produced with her husband La Monte Young, remains a point of pilgrimage in New York, died in March at 83. Working solo, she also made trippy drawings that she called \u201cborderline art\u201d because of the way that they disturb the \u201cconventional distinction between decorative and fine art by using decorative elements in the fine art tradition.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nWalter Dahn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Andrea Stappert\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tWalter Dahn, a member of the Junge Wilde group of German artists of the 1970s, died in November at 70. His intentionally inelegant painterly style gained him an early appearance in Documenta and a range of admirers, including the artist Richard Prince.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFarhad Moshiri<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy The Third Line, Dubai. Photo: Claire Dorn.\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFarhad Moshiri, an Iranian artist who filtered Persian tradition through a Pop art sensibility, died in July at 61. He often collaborated with craftswomen for projects that recreated photographs in thread.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJacqueline de Jong<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photostudio Koos Breukel\/Courtesy Ortuzar Projects, New York\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJacqueline de Jong, a Dutch painter who revolutionized figurative painting over and over again, died in June at 85. She briefly ran the journal of the Situationist movement of the 1960s before launching a career as a painter. It was not until recently, however, that she gained recognition for her work beyond Situationism.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDavid Anfam<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDavid Anfam, an art historian who rewrote the history of Abstract Expressionism, died in August at 69. He is widely credited with reshaping the way scholars understand the art of Mark Rothko, whose work Anfam compiled into a 1998 catalogue raisonn\u00e9. <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLeonard Riggio<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Skip Bolen\/WireImage\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLeonard Riggio, the Barnes & Noble founder who collected significant works by Willem de Kooning, Richard Serra, and more, died in August at 83. He helped transform Dia:Beacon, a haven for Minimalism in Upstate New York, with a $30 million gift that helped support the acquisition of the museum\u2019s famed Serra sculptures.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Christoph Soeder\/dpa\/picture alliance via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt, a German mail artist, died in February at 92. Working in East Berlin before the fall of the Soviet regime, she produced papers lined with dazzling arrays of typewritten text that she posted across the world.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nEikoh Hosoe<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Astrid Stawiarz\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tEikoh Hosoe, an artist who steered Japanese photography in a new direction, died in September at 91. During the 1960s, he famously photographed the writer Yukio Mishima, whom he pictured in states of extreme submission and domination.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAlexis Smith<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Pauline Stella Sanchez, 2017\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAlexis Smith, an artist who explored (and subverted) Californian mythology, died in January at 74. She frequently recycled found images in installations, collages, and paintings that exposed the seedy underbelly of Hollywood.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nYong Soon Min<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tYong Soon Min, an artist who pondered how her identity had been reshaped by her move to the United States from her home country of Korea, died in March at 70. Her photographs and installations were influential to generations of Los Angeles artists who came up after her, some of whom she personally fostered as an educator.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nG\u00fcnter Brus<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tG\u00fcnter Brus, an Austrian provocateur associated with the Viennese Actionist movement of the 1960s, died in February at 85. He often used his body for performances such as The Real Test<\/em> (1970), for which he repeatedly cut himself with a razor until he passed out from exhaustion.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n
\n\tFaith Ringgold, a pioneering artist who upheld Black women\u2019s perspectives, died in April at 93. Across figurative paintings, painted quilts, children\u2019s books, and impassioned protests, Ringgold combated racism and misogyny while also making space in the canon for Black women like herself.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
Fathi Ghaben<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Via Palestinian Achievements on X\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFathi Ghaben, a painter known for his colorful images of the resilient Palestinian spirit, died in March at 77. According to the Palestinian Ministry of Culture, Ghaben died because he was suffering from chronic chest and lung illness, and had been unable to seek medical help from a medical system hobbled by Israel\u2019s war in Gaza.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBrent Sikkema<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Will Ragozzino\/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBrent Sikkema, a New York gallerist who boosted the profiles of well-known artists such as Kara Walker and Jeffrey Gibson, died in January at 75. Sikkema, a founder of the New York gallery Sikkema Jenkins & Co., was found stabbed to death in his Rio de Janeiro apartment, setting off an investigation that is still ongoing.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFrank Auerbach<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Ward\/Rex Features\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFrank Auerbach, one of the most acclaimed British artists of the 20th century, died in November at 93. He redefined portraiture, laying paint on so thickly that his works appeared sculptural and abstract.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nGary Indiana<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Catherine McGann\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tGary Indiana, a writer whose prickly art criticism for the Village Voice<\/em> during the 1980s was widely read, frequently imitated, and rarely matched, died in October at 74. He also wrote a range of beloved novels, many of which were only reissued recently, after years of being out of print, and exhibited his art during the final stages of his career.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nKeiichi Tanaami<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist, Nanzuka, and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKeiichi Tanaami, an artist who processed postwar trauma via collages and films composed of a barrage of appropriated images, died in August at 88. He is currently the subject of a survey at the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami that features some of his final works, in which characters lifted from Picasso paintings appear to mutate.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRebecca Horn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Latz\/DDP\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRebecca Horn, one of Germany\u2019s most acclaimed artists, died in September at 80. Her unclassifiable performances and sculptures tended to center around women\u2019s bodies, though Horn\u2019s art rarely communicated in direct statements. Instead, she often enlisted mysterious objects in situations that spoke to fractured selves and damaged psyches.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRosa de la Cruz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the de la Cruz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRosa de la Cruz, a Miami-based collector who amassed a significant collection of conceptual art, died in February at 81. The Miami art space she ran with her husband Carlos helped put the Floridian city on the map; that space closed this year, and its building will soon be taken over by the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami. Her collection included key works by artists such as Ana Mendieta, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Christina Quarles, and Glenn Ligon.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBill Viola<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo James Keyser\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBill Viola, a video artist who helped define the course of his medium with works pondering death and the passage of time, died in July at 73. Having started with lo-fi videotapes, Viola later became known for installations that induce self-reflection and epic multichannel works featuring resurrections, bursts of water, and art-historical allusions.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRichard Mayhew<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist’s estate and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRichard Mayhew, a painter whose abstractions often resembled semi-imagined landscapes, died in September at 100. He said he used \u201clandscape as a metaphor to express emotion\u201d and relied upon an expressive color palette.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nZilia S\u00e1nchez<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Raquel Perez Puig\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tZilia S\u00e1nchez, an abstractionist known for her shaped paintings that protrude outward, creating forms that resembled female bodies, died in December at 98. A queer Cuban-born woman who lived in self-imposed exile in Puerto Rico, she gained widespread recognition in the final decade of her career, when her art appeared in two Venice Biennales.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nKasper K\u00f6nig<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: ullstein bild via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKasper K\u00f6nig, a curator who altered the German scene forever with his boundary-pushing projects, died in August at 80. In addition to founding Frankfurt\u2019s Portikus museum and directing the Museum Ludwig, he established Skulptur Projekte M\u00fcnster, an exhibition of monumentally scaled sculpture that takes place once a decade.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSafeya Binzagr<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Tessa Solomon\/ARTnews\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSafeya Binzagr, one of the most important artists in Saudi Arabia, died in September at 86. Though famous in her home country for her paintings and fabric pieces, she was also notable for launching a cultural center in 1995 in Jeddah, a city that had no other institution like it at the time.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAudrey Flack<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAudrey Flack, a Photorealist painter whose large-scale canvases raised the everyday and the d\u00e9class\u00e9 to the status of high art, died in June at 93. Toward the end of her career, she focused on creating \u201cPost-Pop-Baroque\u201d paintings filled with a tumult of things, an attempt, she said, at \u201cbringing back the masters.\u201d <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSarah Cunningham<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Lisson Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSarah Cunningham, a painter known in England for her abstracted landscapes, died in November at 31. At the time of her passing, Cunningham had been on the cusp of fame, having just gained representation with Lisson Gallery. Shortly before her death was confirmed by British police, she had gone missing in London.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJune Leaf<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Brian Graham\/Courtesy Hyphen\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJune Leaf, an artist whose unclassifiable work pondered the limits of figuration, died in July at 94. She described herself as \u201ca painter who had to have a tactile experience with the world,\u201d and is most fondly remembered for sculptures that jump into motion upon being triggered. Her art had developed a cult following over the years, and her fan base is poised to expand in 2025 with a retrospective that will tour the US.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDestiny Deacon<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Clayton-Jones\/Fairfax Media via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDestiny Deacon, an Aboriginal artist who dealt head-on with racism in her photographs and installations, died in May at 67. Within Australia, she was most famous for her pictures of dolls intended to demean Aboriginal people. Those toys, she said, \u201crepresent us as people, because white Australia didn\u2019t come to terms with us as people.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDinh Q. L\u00ea<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jonathan Wong\/South China Morning Post via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDinh Q. L\u00ea, an artist known for challenging pieces about trauma and the loss of history in Vietnam, died in April at 56. Though the vast majority of his oeuvre took the form of conceptual photography, he is most famous for The Farmers and the Helicopters<\/em>, a 2006 video installation about American representations of the war in Vietnam.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nLucas Samaras<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Pace Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLucas Samaras, an artist who sliced, diced, fragmented, and warped images of himself in mind-altering artworks, died in March at 87. He worked across a variety of mediums, from installation art to photography, and gained acclaim during the 1960s for \u201cBoxes,\u201d sculptures studded with pins, razors, and shards, sometimes with camera-made pictures inset in the objects\u2019 surfaces.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBen Vautier<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Monier\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBen Vautier, a French artist associated with the Fluxus movement of the 1960s, died in June at 88. In expansive installations and paintings scrawled with cursive text, he showed that any division between life and art was inherently false. \u201cEverything is art,\u201d he frequently proclaimed.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPierre Levai<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPierre Levai, the longtime leader of the New York branch of Marlborough Gallery, died in June at 87. With Levai at the helm, Marlborough mounted key presentations of work by Philip Guston, Marisol, Alex Katz, and many more during the postwar era. The 80-year-old London-based gallery began winding down operations the same month that Levai died.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDorothy Lichtenstein<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jack Mitchell\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDorothy Lichtenstein, the longtime leader of a foundation devoted to her husband, the Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein, died in July at 84. When that foundation began the process of shutting down in 2018, she helped disperse a number of works to institutions such as the Whitney Museum, currently the owner of hundreds of works by Roy and the organizer of a retrospective for him due to open in 2026.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLillian Schwartz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Henry Ford Museum, Gift of the Lillian F. Schwartz & Laurens R. Schwartz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLillian Schwartz, a trailblazing computer artist, died in October at 97. Her films of the 1970s that enlisted computer-generated imagery have influenced generations of filmmakers and artists after her. She also holds a special place in history as the first female artist in residence at Bell Labs.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPatti Astor<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Allan Tannenbaum\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPatti Astor, a core member of the Downtown New York scene of the 1980s, died in April at 74. She ran the short-lived but influential Fun Gallery, which offered Jean-Michel Basqiuat, Kenny Scharf, Lee Qui\u00f1ones, Fab 5 Freddy, and others some of their first major exposure.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nMarian Zazeela<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Will Ragozzino\/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tMarian Zazeela, an artist whose Dream House<\/em> installation, produced with her husband La Monte Young, remains a point of pilgrimage in New York, died in March at 83. Working solo, she also made trippy drawings that she called \u201cborderline art\u201d because of the way that they disturb the \u201cconventional distinction between decorative and fine art by using decorative elements in the fine art tradition.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nWalter Dahn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Andrea Stappert\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tWalter Dahn, a member of the Junge Wilde group of German artists of the 1970s, died in November at 70. His intentionally inelegant painterly style gained him an early appearance in Documenta and a range of admirers, including the artist Richard Prince.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFarhad Moshiri<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy The Third Line, Dubai. Photo: Claire Dorn.\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFarhad Moshiri, an Iranian artist who filtered Persian tradition through a Pop art sensibility, died in July at 61. He often collaborated with craftswomen for projects that recreated photographs in thread.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJacqueline de Jong<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photostudio Koos Breukel\/Courtesy Ortuzar Projects, New York\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJacqueline de Jong, a Dutch painter who revolutionized figurative painting over and over again, died in June at 85. She briefly ran the journal of the Situationist movement of the 1960s before launching a career as a painter. It was not until recently, however, that she gained recognition for her work beyond Situationism.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDavid Anfam<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDavid Anfam, an art historian who rewrote the history of Abstract Expressionism, died in August at 69. He is widely credited with reshaping the way scholars understand the art of Mark Rothko, whose work Anfam compiled into a 1998 catalogue raisonn\u00e9. <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLeonard Riggio<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Skip Bolen\/WireImage\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLeonard Riggio, the Barnes & Noble founder who collected significant works by Willem de Kooning, Richard Serra, and more, died in August at 83. He helped transform Dia:Beacon, a haven for Minimalism in Upstate New York, with a $30 million gift that helped support the acquisition of the museum\u2019s famed Serra sculptures.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Christoph Soeder\/dpa\/picture alliance via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt, a German mail artist, died in February at 92. Working in East Berlin before the fall of the Soviet regime, she produced papers lined with dazzling arrays of typewritten text that she posted across the world.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nEikoh Hosoe<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Astrid Stawiarz\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tEikoh Hosoe, an artist who steered Japanese photography in a new direction, died in September at 91. During the 1960s, he famously photographed the writer Yukio Mishima, whom he pictured in states of extreme submission and domination.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAlexis Smith<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Pauline Stella Sanchez, 2017\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAlexis Smith, an artist who explored (and subverted) Californian mythology, died in January at 74. She frequently recycled found images in installations, collages, and paintings that exposed the seedy underbelly of Hollywood.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nYong Soon Min<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tYong Soon Min, an artist who pondered how her identity had been reshaped by her move to the United States from her home country of Korea, died in March at 70. Her photographs and installations were influential to generations of Los Angeles artists who came up after her, some of whom she personally fostered as an educator.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nG\u00fcnter Brus<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tG\u00fcnter Brus, an Austrian provocateur associated with the Viennese Actionist movement of the 1960s, died in February at 85. He often used his body for performances such as The Real Test<\/em> (1970), for which he repeatedly cut himself with a razor until he passed out from exhaustion.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n
\n\tFathi Ghaben, a painter known for his colorful images of the resilient Palestinian spirit, died in March at 77. According to the Palestinian Ministry of Culture, Ghaben died because he was suffering from chronic chest and lung illness, and had been unable to seek medical help from a medical system hobbled by Israel\u2019s war in Gaza.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
Brent Sikkema<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Will Ragozzino\/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBrent Sikkema, a New York gallerist who boosted the profiles of well-known artists such as Kara Walker and Jeffrey Gibson, died in January at 75. Sikkema, a founder of the New York gallery Sikkema Jenkins & Co., was found stabbed to death in his Rio de Janeiro apartment, setting off an investigation that is still ongoing.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFrank Auerbach<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Ward\/Rex Features\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFrank Auerbach, one of the most acclaimed British artists of the 20th century, died in November at 93. He redefined portraiture, laying paint on so thickly that his works appeared sculptural and abstract.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nGary Indiana<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Catherine McGann\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tGary Indiana, a writer whose prickly art criticism for the Village Voice<\/em> during the 1980s was widely read, frequently imitated, and rarely matched, died in October at 74. He also wrote a range of beloved novels, many of which were only reissued recently, after years of being out of print, and exhibited his art during the final stages of his career.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nKeiichi Tanaami<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist, Nanzuka, and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKeiichi Tanaami, an artist who processed postwar trauma via collages and films composed of a barrage of appropriated images, died in August at 88. He is currently the subject of a survey at the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami that features some of his final works, in which characters lifted from Picasso paintings appear to mutate.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRebecca Horn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Latz\/DDP\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRebecca Horn, one of Germany\u2019s most acclaimed artists, died in September at 80. Her unclassifiable performances and sculptures tended to center around women\u2019s bodies, though Horn\u2019s art rarely communicated in direct statements. Instead, she often enlisted mysterious objects in situations that spoke to fractured selves and damaged psyches.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRosa de la Cruz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the de la Cruz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRosa de la Cruz, a Miami-based collector who amassed a significant collection of conceptual art, died in February at 81. The Miami art space she ran with her husband Carlos helped put the Floridian city on the map; that space closed this year, and its building will soon be taken over by the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami. Her collection included key works by artists such as Ana Mendieta, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Christina Quarles, and Glenn Ligon.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBill Viola<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo James Keyser\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBill Viola, a video artist who helped define the course of his medium with works pondering death and the passage of time, died in July at 73. Having started with lo-fi videotapes, Viola later became known for installations that induce self-reflection and epic multichannel works featuring resurrections, bursts of water, and art-historical allusions.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRichard Mayhew<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist’s estate and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRichard Mayhew, a painter whose abstractions often resembled semi-imagined landscapes, died in September at 100. He said he used \u201clandscape as a metaphor to express emotion\u201d and relied upon an expressive color palette.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nZilia S\u00e1nchez<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Raquel Perez Puig\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tZilia S\u00e1nchez, an abstractionist known for her shaped paintings that protrude outward, creating forms that resembled female bodies, died in December at 98. A queer Cuban-born woman who lived in self-imposed exile in Puerto Rico, she gained widespread recognition in the final decade of her career, when her art appeared in two Venice Biennales.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nKasper K\u00f6nig<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: ullstein bild via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKasper K\u00f6nig, a curator who altered the German scene forever with his boundary-pushing projects, died in August at 80. In addition to founding Frankfurt\u2019s Portikus museum and directing the Museum Ludwig, he established Skulptur Projekte M\u00fcnster, an exhibition of monumentally scaled sculpture that takes place once a decade.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSafeya Binzagr<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Tessa Solomon\/ARTnews\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSafeya Binzagr, one of the most important artists in Saudi Arabia, died in September at 86. Though famous in her home country for her paintings and fabric pieces, she was also notable for launching a cultural center in 1995 in Jeddah, a city that had no other institution like it at the time.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAudrey Flack<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAudrey Flack, a Photorealist painter whose large-scale canvases raised the everyday and the d\u00e9class\u00e9 to the status of high art, died in June at 93. Toward the end of her career, she focused on creating \u201cPost-Pop-Baroque\u201d paintings filled with a tumult of things, an attempt, she said, at \u201cbringing back the masters.\u201d <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSarah Cunningham<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Lisson Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSarah Cunningham, a painter known in England for her abstracted landscapes, died in November at 31. At the time of her passing, Cunningham had been on the cusp of fame, having just gained representation with Lisson Gallery. Shortly before her death was confirmed by British police, she had gone missing in London.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJune Leaf<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Brian Graham\/Courtesy Hyphen\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJune Leaf, an artist whose unclassifiable work pondered the limits of figuration, died in July at 94. She described herself as \u201ca painter who had to have a tactile experience with the world,\u201d and is most fondly remembered for sculptures that jump into motion upon being triggered. Her art had developed a cult following over the years, and her fan base is poised to expand in 2025 with a retrospective that will tour the US.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDestiny Deacon<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Clayton-Jones\/Fairfax Media via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDestiny Deacon, an Aboriginal artist who dealt head-on with racism in her photographs and installations, died in May at 67. Within Australia, she was most famous for her pictures of dolls intended to demean Aboriginal people. Those toys, she said, \u201crepresent us as people, because white Australia didn\u2019t come to terms with us as people.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDinh Q. L\u00ea<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jonathan Wong\/South China Morning Post via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDinh Q. L\u00ea, an artist known for challenging pieces about trauma and the loss of history in Vietnam, died in April at 56. Though the vast majority of his oeuvre took the form of conceptual photography, he is most famous for The Farmers and the Helicopters<\/em>, a 2006 video installation about American representations of the war in Vietnam.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nLucas Samaras<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Pace Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLucas Samaras, an artist who sliced, diced, fragmented, and warped images of himself in mind-altering artworks, died in March at 87. He worked across a variety of mediums, from installation art to photography, and gained acclaim during the 1960s for \u201cBoxes,\u201d sculptures studded with pins, razors, and shards, sometimes with camera-made pictures inset in the objects\u2019 surfaces.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBen Vautier<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Monier\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBen Vautier, a French artist associated with the Fluxus movement of the 1960s, died in June at 88. In expansive installations and paintings scrawled with cursive text, he showed that any division between life and art was inherently false. \u201cEverything is art,\u201d he frequently proclaimed.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPierre Levai<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPierre Levai, the longtime leader of the New York branch of Marlborough Gallery, died in June at 87. With Levai at the helm, Marlborough mounted key presentations of work by Philip Guston, Marisol, Alex Katz, and many more during the postwar era. The 80-year-old London-based gallery began winding down operations the same month that Levai died.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDorothy Lichtenstein<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jack Mitchell\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDorothy Lichtenstein, the longtime leader of a foundation devoted to her husband, the Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein, died in July at 84. When that foundation began the process of shutting down in 2018, she helped disperse a number of works to institutions such as the Whitney Museum, currently the owner of hundreds of works by Roy and the organizer of a retrospective for him due to open in 2026.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLillian Schwartz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Henry Ford Museum, Gift of the Lillian F. Schwartz & Laurens R. Schwartz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLillian Schwartz, a trailblazing computer artist, died in October at 97. Her films of the 1970s that enlisted computer-generated imagery have influenced generations of filmmakers and artists after her. She also holds a special place in history as the first female artist in residence at Bell Labs.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPatti Astor<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Allan Tannenbaum\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPatti Astor, a core member of the Downtown New York scene of the 1980s, died in April at 74. She ran the short-lived but influential Fun Gallery, which offered Jean-Michel Basqiuat, Kenny Scharf, Lee Qui\u00f1ones, Fab 5 Freddy, and others some of their first major exposure.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nMarian Zazeela<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Will Ragozzino\/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tMarian Zazeela, an artist whose Dream House<\/em> installation, produced with her husband La Monte Young, remains a point of pilgrimage in New York, died in March at 83. Working solo, she also made trippy drawings that she called \u201cborderline art\u201d because of the way that they disturb the \u201cconventional distinction between decorative and fine art by using decorative elements in the fine art tradition.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nWalter Dahn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Andrea Stappert\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tWalter Dahn, a member of the Junge Wilde group of German artists of the 1970s, died in November at 70. His intentionally inelegant painterly style gained him an early appearance in Documenta and a range of admirers, including the artist Richard Prince.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFarhad Moshiri<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy The Third Line, Dubai. Photo: Claire Dorn.\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFarhad Moshiri, an Iranian artist who filtered Persian tradition through a Pop art sensibility, died in July at 61. He often collaborated with craftswomen for projects that recreated photographs in thread.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJacqueline de Jong<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photostudio Koos Breukel\/Courtesy Ortuzar Projects, New York\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJacqueline de Jong, a Dutch painter who revolutionized figurative painting over and over again, died in June at 85. She briefly ran the journal of the Situationist movement of the 1960s before launching a career as a painter. It was not until recently, however, that she gained recognition for her work beyond Situationism.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDavid Anfam<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDavid Anfam, an art historian who rewrote the history of Abstract Expressionism, died in August at 69. He is widely credited with reshaping the way scholars understand the art of Mark Rothko, whose work Anfam compiled into a 1998 catalogue raisonn\u00e9. <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLeonard Riggio<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Skip Bolen\/WireImage\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLeonard Riggio, the Barnes & Noble founder who collected significant works by Willem de Kooning, Richard Serra, and more, died in August at 83. He helped transform Dia:Beacon, a haven for Minimalism in Upstate New York, with a $30 million gift that helped support the acquisition of the museum\u2019s famed Serra sculptures.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Christoph Soeder\/dpa\/picture alliance via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt, a German mail artist, died in February at 92. Working in East Berlin before the fall of the Soviet regime, she produced papers lined with dazzling arrays of typewritten text that she posted across the world.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nEikoh Hosoe<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Astrid Stawiarz\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tEikoh Hosoe, an artist who steered Japanese photography in a new direction, died in September at 91. During the 1960s, he famously photographed the writer Yukio Mishima, whom he pictured in states of extreme submission and domination.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAlexis Smith<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Pauline Stella Sanchez, 2017\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAlexis Smith, an artist who explored (and subverted) Californian mythology, died in January at 74. She frequently recycled found images in installations, collages, and paintings that exposed the seedy underbelly of Hollywood.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nYong Soon Min<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tYong Soon Min, an artist who pondered how her identity had been reshaped by her move to the United States from her home country of Korea, died in March at 70. Her photographs and installations were influential to generations of Los Angeles artists who came up after her, some of whom she personally fostered as an educator.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nG\u00fcnter Brus<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tG\u00fcnter Brus, an Austrian provocateur associated with the Viennese Actionist movement of the 1960s, died in February at 85. He often used his body for performances such as The Real Test<\/em> (1970), for which he repeatedly cut himself with a razor until he passed out from exhaustion.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n
\n\tBrent Sikkema, a New York gallerist who boosted the profiles of well-known artists such as Kara Walker and Jeffrey Gibson, died in January at 75. Sikkema, a founder of the New York gallery Sikkema Jenkins & Co., was found stabbed to death in his Rio de Janeiro apartment, setting off an investigation that is still ongoing.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
Frank Auerbach<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Ward\/Rex Features\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFrank Auerbach, one of the most acclaimed British artists of the 20th century, died in November at 93. He redefined portraiture, laying paint on so thickly that his works appeared sculptural and abstract.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nGary Indiana<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Catherine McGann\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tGary Indiana, a writer whose prickly art criticism for the Village Voice<\/em> during the 1980s was widely read, frequently imitated, and rarely matched, died in October at 74. He also wrote a range of beloved novels, many of which were only reissued recently, after years of being out of print, and exhibited his art during the final stages of his career.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nKeiichi Tanaami<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist, Nanzuka, and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKeiichi Tanaami, an artist who processed postwar trauma via collages and films composed of a barrage of appropriated images, died in August at 88. He is currently the subject of a survey at the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami that features some of his final works, in which characters lifted from Picasso paintings appear to mutate.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRebecca Horn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Latz\/DDP\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRebecca Horn, one of Germany\u2019s most acclaimed artists, died in September at 80. Her unclassifiable performances and sculptures tended to center around women\u2019s bodies, though Horn\u2019s art rarely communicated in direct statements. Instead, she often enlisted mysterious objects in situations that spoke to fractured selves and damaged psyches.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRosa de la Cruz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the de la Cruz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRosa de la Cruz, a Miami-based collector who amassed a significant collection of conceptual art, died in February at 81. The Miami art space she ran with her husband Carlos helped put the Floridian city on the map; that space closed this year, and its building will soon be taken over by the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami. Her collection included key works by artists such as Ana Mendieta, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Christina Quarles, and Glenn Ligon.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBill Viola<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo James Keyser\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBill Viola, a video artist who helped define the course of his medium with works pondering death and the passage of time, died in July at 73. Having started with lo-fi videotapes, Viola later became known for installations that induce self-reflection and epic multichannel works featuring resurrections, bursts of water, and art-historical allusions.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRichard Mayhew<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist’s estate and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRichard Mayhew, a painter whose abstractions often resembled semi-imagined landscapes, died in September at 100. He said he used \u201clandscape as a metaphor to express emotion\u201d and relied upon an expressive color palette.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nZilia S\u00e1nchez<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Raquel Perez Puig\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tZilia S\u00e1nchez, an abstractionist known for her shaped paintings that protrude outward, creating forms that resembled female bodies, died in December at 98. A queer Cuban-born woman who lived in self-imposed exile in Puerto Rico, she gained widespread recognition in the final decade of her career, when her art appeared in two Venice Biennales.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nKasper K\u00f6nig<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: ullstein bild via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKasper K\u00f6nig, a curator who altered the German scene forever with his boundary-pushing projects, died in August at 80. In addition to founding Frankfurt\u2019s Portikus museum and directing the Museum Ludwig, he established Skulptur Projekte M\u00fcnster, an exhibition of monumentally scaled sculpture that takes place once a decade.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSafeya Binzagr<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Tessa Solomon\/ARTnews\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSafeya Binzagr, one of the most important artists in Saudi Arabia, died in September at 86. Though famous in her home country for her paintings and fabric pieces, she was also notable for launching a cultural center in 1995 in Jeddah, a city that had no other institution like it at the time.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAudrey Flack<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAudrey Flack, a Photorealist painter whose large-scale canvases raised the everyday and the d\u00e9class\u00e9 to the status of high art, died in June at 93. Toward the end of her career, she focused on creating \u201cPost-Pop-Baroque\u201d paintings filled with a tumult of things, an attempt, she said, at \u201cbringing back the masters.\u201d <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSarah Cunningham<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Lisson Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSarah Cunningham, a painter known in England for her abstracted landscapes, died in November at 31. At the time of her passing, Cunningham had been on the cusp of fame, having just gained representation with Lisson Gallery. Shortly before her death was confirmed by British police, she had gone missing in London.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJune Leaf<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Brian Graham\/Courtesy Hyphen\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJune Leaf, an artist whose unclassifiable work pondered the limits of figuration, died in July at 94. She described herself as \u201ca painter who had to have a tactile experience with the world,\u201d and is most fondly remembered for sculptures that jump into motion upon being triggered. Her art had developed a cult following over the years, and her fan base is poised to expand in 2025 with a retrospective that will tour the US.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDestiny Deacon<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Clayton-Jones\/Fairfax Media via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDestiny Deacon, an Aboriginal artist who dealt head-on with racism in her photographs and installations, died in May at 67. Within Australia, she was most famous for her pictures of dolls intended to demean Aboriginal people. Those toys, she said, \u201crepresent us as people, because white Australia didn\u2019t come to terms with us as people.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDinh Q. L\u00ea<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jonathan Wong\/South China Morning Post via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDinh Q. L\u00ea, an artist known for challenging pieces about trauma and the loss of history in Vietnam, died in April at 56. Though the vast majority of his oeuvre took the form of conceptual photography, he is most famous for The Farmers and the Helicopters<\/em>, a 2006 video installation about American representations of the war in Vietnam.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nLucas Samaras<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Pace Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLucas Samaras, an artist who sliced, diced, fragmented, and warped images of himself in mind-altering artworks, died in March at 87. He worked across a variety of mediums, from installation art to photography, and gained acclaim during the 1960s for \u201cBoxes,\u201d sculptures studded with pins, razors, and shards, sometimes with camera-made pictures inset in the objects\u2019 surfaces.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBen Vautier<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Monier\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBen Vautier, a French artist associated with the Fluxus movement of the 1960s, died in June at 88. In expansive installations and paintings scrawled with cursive text, he showed that any division between life and art was inherently false. \u201cEverything is art,\u201d he frequently proclaimed.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPierre Levai<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPierre Levai, the longtime leader of the New York branch of Marlborough Gallery, died in June at 87. With Levai at the helm, Marlborough mounted key presentations of work by Philip Guston, Marisol, Alex Katz, and many more during the postwar era. The 80-year-old London-based gallery began winding down operations the same month that Levai died.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDorothy Lichtenstein<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jack Mitchell\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDorothy Lichtenstein, the longtime leader of a foundation devoted to her husband, the Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein, died in July at 84. When that foundation began the process of shutting down in 2018, she helped disperse a number of works to institutions such as the Whitney Museum, currently the owner of hundreds of works by Roy and the organizer of a retrospective for him due to open in 2026.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLillian Schwartz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Henry Ford Museum, Gift of the Lillian F. Schwartz & Laurens R. Schwartz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLillian Schwartz, a trailblazing computer artist, died in October at 97. Her films of the 1970s that enlisted computer-generated imagery have influenced generations of filmmakers and artists after her. She also holds a special place in history as the first female artist in residence at Bell Labs.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPatti Astor<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Allan Tannenbaum\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPatti Astor, a core member of the Downtown New York scene of the 1980s, died in April at 74. She ran the short-lived but influential Fun Gallery, which offered Jean-Michel Basqiuat, Kenny Scharf, Lee Qui\u00f1ones, Fab 5 Freddy, and others some of their first major exposure.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nMarian Zazeela<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Will Ragozzino\/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tMarian Zazeela, an artist whose Dream House<\/em> installation, produced with her husband La Monte Young, remains a point of pilgrimage in New York, died in March at 83. Working solo, she also made trippy drawings that she called \u201cborderline art\u201d because of the way that they disturb the \u201cconventional distinction between decorative and fine art by using decorative elements in the fine art tradition.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nWalter Dahn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Andrea Stappert\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tWalter Dahn, a member of the Junge Wilde group of German artists of the 1970s, died in November at 70. His intentionally inelegant painterly style gained him an early appearance in Documenta and a range of admirers, including the artist Richard Prince.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFarhad Moshiri<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy The Third Line, Dubai. Photo: Claire Dorn.\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFarhad Moshiri, an Iranian artist who filtered Persian tradition through a Pop art sensibility, died in July at 61. He often collaborated with craftswomen for projects that recreated photographs in thread.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJacqueline de Jong<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photostudio Koos Breukel\/Courtesy Ortuzar Projects, New York\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJacqueline de Jong, a Dutch painter who revolutionized figurative painting over and over again, died in June at 85. She briefly ran the journal of the Situationist movement of the 1960s before launching a career as a painter. It was not until recently, however, that she gained recognition for her work beyond Situationism.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDavid Anfam<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDavid Anfam, an art historian who rewrote the history of Abstract Expressionism, died in August at 69. He is widely credited with reshaping the way scholars understand the art of Mark Rothko, whose work Anfam compiled into a 1998 catalogue raisonn\u00e9. <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLeonard Riggio<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Skip Bolen\/WireImage\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLeonard Riggio, the Barnes & Noble founder who collected significant works by Willem de Kooning, Richard Serra, and more, died in August at 83. He helped transform Dia:Beacon, a haven for Minimalism in Upstate New York, with a $30 million gift that helped support the acquisition of the museum\u2019s famed Serra sculptures.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Christoph Soeder\/dpa\/picture alliance via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt, a German mail artist, died in February at 92. Working in East Berlin before the fall of the Soviet regime, she produced papers lined with dazzling arrays of typewritten text that she posted across the world.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nEikoh Hosoe<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Astrid Stawiarz\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tEikoh Hosoe, an artist who steered Japanese photography in a new direction, died in September at 91. During the 1960s, he famously photographed the writer Yukio Mishima, whom he pictured in states of extreme submission and domination.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAlexis Smith<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Pauline Stella Sanchez, 2017\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAlexis Smith, an artist who explored (and subverted) Californian mythology, died in January at 74. She frequently recycled found images in installations, collages, and paintings that exposed the seedy underbelly of Hollywood.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nYong Soon Min<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tYong Soon Min, an artist who pondered how her identity had been reshaped by her move to the United States from her home country of Korea, died in March at 70. Her photographs and installations were influential to generations of Los Angeles artists who came up after her, some of whom she personally fostered as an educator.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nG\u00fcnter Brus<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tG\u00fcnter Brus, an Austrian provocateur associated with the Viennese Actionist movement of the 1960s, died in February at 85. He often used his body for performances such as The Real Test<\/em> (1970), for which he repeatedly cut himself with a razor until he passed out from exhaustion.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n
\n\tFrank Auerbach, one of the most acclaimed British artists of the 20th century, died in November at 93. He redefined portraiture, laying paint on so thickly that his works appeared sculptural and abstract.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
Gary Indiana<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Catherine McGann\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tGary Indiana, a writer whose prickly art criticism for the Village Voice<\/em> during the 1980s was widely read, frequently imitated, and rarely matched, died in October at 74. He also wrote a range of beloved novels, many of which were only reissued recently, after years of being out of print, and exhibited his art during the final stages of his career.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nKeiichi Tanaami<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist, Nanzuka, and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKeiichi Tanaami, an artist who processed postwar trauma via collages and films composed of a barrage of appropriated images, died in August at 88. He is currently the subject of a survey at the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami that features some of his final works, in which characters lifted from Picasso paintings appear to mutate.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRebecca Horn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Latz\/DDP\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRebecca Horn, one of Germany\u2019s most acclaimed artists, died in September at 80. Her unclassifiable performances and sculptures tended to center around women\u2019s bodies, though Horn\u2019s art rarely communicated in direct statements. Instead, she often enlisted mysterious objects in situations that spoke to fractured selves and damaged psyches.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRosa de la Cruz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the de la Cruz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRosa de la Cruz, a Miami-based collector who amassed a significant collection of conceptual art, died in February at 81. The Miami art space she ran with her husband Carlos helped put the Floridian city on the map; that space closed this year, and its building will soon be taken over by the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami. Her collection included key works by artists such as Ana Mendieta, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Christina Quarles, and Glenn Ligon.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBill Viola<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo James Keyser\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBill Viola, a video artist who helped define the course of his medium with works pondering death and the passage of time, died in July at 73. Having started with lo-fi videotapes, Viola later became known for installations that induce self-reflection and epic multichannel works featuring resurrections, bursts of water, and art-historical allusions.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRichard Mayhew<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist’s estate and Venus Over Manhattan\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRichard Mayhew, a painter whose abstractions often resembled semi-imagined landscapes, died in September at 100. He said he used \u201clandscape as a metaphor to express emotion\u201d and relied upon an expressive color palette.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nZilia S\u00e1nchez<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Raquel Perez Puig\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tZilia S\u00e1nchez, an abstractionist known for her shaped paintings that protrude outward, creating forms that resembled female bodies, died in December at 98. A queer Cuban-born woman who lived in self-imposed exile in Puerto Rico, she gained widespread recognition in the final decade of her career, when her art appeared in two Venice Biennales.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nKasper K\u00f6nig<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: ullstein bild via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tKasper K\u00f6nig, a curator who altered the German scene forever with his boundary-pushing projects, died in August at 80. In addition to founding Frankfurt\u2019s Portikus museum and directing the Museum Ludwig, he established Skulptur Projekte M\u00fcnster, an exhibition of monumentally scaled sculpture that takes place once a decade.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSafeya Binzagr<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Tessa Solomon\/ARTnews\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSafeya Binzagr, one of the most important artists in Saudi Arabia, died in September at 86. Though famous in her home country for her paintings and fabric pieces, she was also notable for launching a cultural center in 1995 in Jeddah, a city that had no other institution like it at the time.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAudrey Flack<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAudrey Flack, a Photorealist painter whose large-scale canvases raised the everyday and the d\u00e9class\u00e9 to the status of high art, died in June at 93. Toward the end of her career, she focused on creating \u201cPost-Pop-Baroque\u201d paintings filled with a tumult of things, an attempt, she said, at \u201cbringing back the masters.\u201d <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nSarah Cunningham<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Lisson Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tSarah Cunningham, a painter known in England for her abstracted landscapes, died in November at 31. At the time of her passing, Cunningham had been on the cusp of fame, having just gained representation with Lisson Gallery. Shortly before her death was confirmed by British police, she had gone missing in London.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJune Leaf<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Brian Graham\/Courtesy Hyphen\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJune Leaf, an artist whose unclassifiable work pondered the limits of figuration, died in July at 94. She described herself as \u201ca painter who had to have a tactile experience with the world,\u201d and is most fondly remembered for sculptures that jump into motion upon being triggered. Her art had developed a cult following over the years, and her fan base is poised to expand in 2025 with a retrospective that will tour the US.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDestiny Deacon<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Michael Clayton-Jones\/Fairfax Media via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDestiny Deacon, an Aboriginal artist who dealt head-on with racism in her photographs and installations, died in May at 67. Within Australia, she was most famous for her pictures of dolls intended to demean Aboriginal people. Those toys, she said, \u201crepresent us as people, because white Australia didn\u2019t come to terms with us as people.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDinh Q. L\u00ea<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jonathan Wong\/South China Morning Post via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDinh Q. L\u00ea, an artist known for challenging pieces about trauma and the loss of history in Vietnam, died in April at 56. Though the vast majority of his oeuvre took the form of conceptual photography, he is most famous for The Farmers and the Helicopters<\/em>, a 2006 video installation about American representations of the war in Vietnam.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nLucas Samaras<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy Pace Gallery\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLucas Samaras, an artist who sliced, diced, fragmented, and warped images of himself in mind-altering artworks, died in March at 87. He worked across a variety of mediums, from installation art to photography, and gained acclaim during the 1960s for \u201cBoxes,\u201d sculptures studded with pins, razors, and shards, sometimes with camera-made pictures inset in the objects\u2019 surfaces.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nBen Vautier<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Monier\/AFP via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tBen Vautier, a French artist associated with the Fluxus movement of the 1960s, died in June at 88. In expansive installations and paintings scrawled with cursive text, he showed that any division between life and art was inherently false. \u201cEverything is art,\u201d he frequently proclaimed.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPierre Levai<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPierre Levai, the longtime leader of the New York branch of Marlborough Gallery, died in June at 87. With Levai at the helm, Marlborough mounted key presentations of work by Philip Guston, Marisol, Alex Katz, and many more during the postwar era. The 80-year-old London-based gallery began winding down operations the same month that Levai died.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDorothy Lichtenstein<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Jack Mitchell\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDorothy Lichtenstein, the longtime leader of a foundation devoted to her husband, the Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein, died in July at 84. When that foundation began the process of shutting down in 2018, she helped disperse a number of works to institutions such as the Whitney Museum, currently the owner of hundreds of works by Roy and the organizer of a retrospective for him due to open in 2026.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLillian Schwartz<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Henry Ford Museum, Gift of the Lillian F. Schwartz & Laurens R. Schwartz Collection\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLillian Schwartz, a trailblazing computer artist, died in October at 97. Her films of the 1970s that enlisted computer-generated imagery have influenced generations of filmmakers and artists after her. She also holds a special place in history as the first female artist in residence at Bell Labs.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nPatti Astor<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Allan Tannenbaum\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tPatti Astor, a core member of the Downtown New York scene of the 1980s, died in April at 74. She ran the short-lived but influential Fun Gallery, which offered Jean-Michel Basqiuat, Kenny Scharf, Lee Qui\u00f1ones, Fab 5 Freddy, and others some of their first major exposure.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nMarian Zazeela<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Will Ragozzino\/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tMarian Zazeela, an artist whose Dream House<\/em> installation, produced with her husband La Monte Young, remains a point of pilgrimage in New York, died in March at 83. Working solo, she also made trippy drawings that she called \u201cborderline art\u201d because of the way that they disturb the \u201cconventional distinction between decorative and fine art by using decorative elements in the fine art tradition.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\nWalter Dahn<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Andrea Stappert\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tWalter Dahn, a member of the Junge Wilde group of German artists of the 1970s, died in November at 70. His intentionally inelegant painterly style gained him an early appearance in Documenta and a range of admirers, including the artist Richard Prince.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nFarhad Moshiri<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy The Third Line, Dubai. Photo: Claire Dorn.\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tFarhad Moshiri, an Iranian artist who filtered Persian tradition through a Pop art sensibility, died in July at 61. He often collaborated with craftswomen for projects that recreated photographs in thread.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nJacqueline de Jong<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photostudio Koos Breukel\/Courtesy Ortuzar Projects, New York\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tJacqueline de Jong, a Dutch painter who revolutionized figurative painting over and over again, died in June at 85. She briefly ran the journal of the Situationist movement of the 1960s before launching a career as a painter. It was not until recently, however, that she gained recognition for her work beyond Situationism.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nDavid Anfam<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tDavid Anfam, an art historian who rewrote the history of Abstract Expressionism, died in August at 69. He is widely credited with reshaping the way scholars understand the art of Mark Rothko, whose work Anfam compiled into a 1998 catalogue raisonn\u00e9. <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nLeonard Riggio<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Skip Bolen\/WireImage\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tLeonard Riggio, the Barnes & Noble founder who collected significant works by Willem de Kooning, Richard Serra, and more, died in August at 83. He helped transform Dia:Beacon, a haven for Minimalism in Upstate New York, with a $30 million gift that helped support the acquisition of the museum\u2019s famed Serra sculptures.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Christoph Soeder\/dpa\/picture alliance via Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt, a German mail artist, died in February at 92. Working in East Berlin before the fall of the Soviet regime, she produced papers lined with dazzling arrays of typewritten text that she posted across the world.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nEikoh Hosoe<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Astrid Stawiarz\/Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tEikoh Hosoe, an artist who steered Japanese photography in a new direction, died in September at 91. During the 1960s, he famously photographed the writer Yukio Mishima, whom he pictured in states of extreme submission and domination.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nAlexis Smith<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Photo Pauline Stella Sanchez, 2017\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tAlexis Smith, an artist who explored (and subverted) Californian mythology, died in January at 74. She frequently recycled found images in installations, collages, and paintings that exposed the seedy underbelly of Hollywood.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nYong Soon Min<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Courtesy the artist\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tYong Soon Min, an artist who pondered how her identity had been reshaped by her move to the United States from her home country of Korea, died in March at 70. Her photographs and installations were influential to generations of Los Angeles artists who came up after her, some of whom she personally fostered as an educator.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n
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\nG\u00fcnter Brus<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tImage Credit: Getty Images\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\tG\u00fcnter Brus, an Austrian provocateur associated with the Viennese Actionist movement of the 1960s, died in February at 85. He often used his body for performances such as The Real Test<\/em> (1970), for which he repeatedly cut himself with a razor until he passed out from exhaustion.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n
\n\tGary Indiana, a writer whose prickly art criticism for the Village Voice<\/em> during the 1980s was widely read, frequently imitated, and rarely matched, died in October at 74. He also wrote a range of beloved novels, many of which were only reissued recently, after years of being out of print, and exhibited his art during the final stages of his career.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tKeiichi Tanaami, an artist who processed postwar trauma via collages and films composed of a barrage of appropriated images, died in August at 88. He is currently the subject of a survey at the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami that features some of his final works, in which characters lifted from Picasso paintings appear to mutate.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tRebecca Horn, one of Germany\u2019s most acclaimed artists, died in September at 80. Her unclassifiable performances and sculptures tended to center around women\u2019s bodies, though Horn\u2019s art rarely communicated in direct statements. Instead, she often enlisted mysterious objects in situations that spoke to fractured selves and damaged psyches.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tRosa de la Cruz, a Miami-based collector who amassed a significant collection of conceptual art, died in February at 81. The Miami art space she ran with her husband Carlos helped put the Floridian city on the map; that space closed this year, and its building will soon be taken over by the Institute of Contemporary Art Miami. Her collection included key works by artists such as Ana Mendieta, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Christina Quarles, and Glenn Ligon.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tBill Viola, a video artist who helped define the course of his medium with works pondering death and the passage of time, died in July at 73. Having started with lo-fi videotapes, Viola later became known for installations that induce self-reflection and epic multichannel works featuring resurrections, bursts of water, and art-historical allusions.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tRichard Mayhew, a painter whose abstractions often resembled semi-imagined landscapes, died in September at 100. He said he used \u201clandscape as a metaphor to express emotion\u201d and relied upon an expressive color palette.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tZilia S\u00e1nchez, an abstractionist known for her shaped paintings that protrude outward, creating forms that resembled female bodies, died in December at 98. A queer Cuban-born woman who lived in self-imposed exile in Puerto Rico, she gained widespread recognition in the final decade of her career, when her art appeared in two Venice Biennales.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tKasper K\u00f6nig, a curator who altered the German scene forever with his boundary-pushing projects, died in August at 80. In addition to founding Frankfurt\u2019s Portikus museum and directing the Museum Ludwig, he established Skulptur Projekte M\u00fcnster, an exhibition of monumentally scaled sculpture that takes place once a decade.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tSafeya Binzagr, one of the most important artists in Saudi Arabia, died in September at 86. Though famous in her home country for her paintings and fabric pieces, she was also notable for launching a cultural center in 1995 in Jeddah, a city that had no other institution like it at the time.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tAudrey Flack, a Photorealist painter whose large-scale canvases raised the everyday and the d\u00e9class\u00e9 to the status of high art, died in June at 93. Toward the end of her career, she focused on creating \u201cPost-Pop-Baroque\u201d paintings filled with a tumult of things, an attempt, she said, at \u201cbringing back the masters.\u201d <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tSarah Cunningham, a painter known in England for her abstracted landscapes, died in November at 31. At the time of her passing, Cunningham had been on the cusp of fame, having just gained representation with Lisson Gallery. Shortly before her death was confirmed by British police, she had gone missing in London.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tJune Leaf, an artist whose unclassifiable work pondered the limits of figuration, died in July at 94. She described herself as \u201ca painter who had to have a tactile experience with the world,\u201d and is most fondly remembered for sculptures that jump into motion upon being triggered. Her art had developed a cult following over the years, and her fan base is poised to expand in 2025 with a retrospective that will tour the US.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tDestiny Deacon, an Aboriginal artist who dealt head-on with racism in her photographs and installations, died in May at 67. Within Australia, she was most famous for her pictures of dolls intended to demean Aboriginal people. Those toys, she said, \u201crepresent us as people, because white Australia didn\u2019t come to terms with us as people.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tDinh Q. L\u00ea, an artist known for challenging pieces about trauma and the loss of history in Vietnam, died in April at 56. Though the vast majority of his oeuvre took the form of conceptual photography, he is most famous for The Farmers and the Helicopters<\/em>, a 2006 video installation about American representations of the war in Vietnam.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tLucas Samaras, an artist who sliced, diced, fragmented, and warped images of himself in mind-altering artworks, died in March at 87. He worked across a variety of mediums, from installation art to photography, and gained acclaim during the 1960s for \u201cBoxes,\u201d sculptures studded with pins, razors, and shards, sometimes with camera-made pictures inset in the objects\u2019 surfaces.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tBen Vautier, a French artist associated with the Fluxus movement of the 1960s, died in June at 88. In expansive installations and paintings scrawled with cursive text, he showed that any division between life and art was inherently false. \u201cEverything is art,\u201d he frequently proclaimed.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tPierre Levai, the longtime leader of the New York branch of Marlborough Gallery, died in June at 87. With Levai at the helm, Marlborough mounted key presentations of work by Philip Guston, Marisol, Alex Katz, and many more during the postwar era. The 80-year-old London-based gallery began winding down operations the same month that Levai died.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tDorothy Lichtenstein, the longtime leader of a foundation devoted to her husband, the Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein, died in July at 84. When that foundation began the process of shutting down in 2018, she helped disperse a number of works to institutions such as the Whitney Museum, currently the owner of hundreds of works by Roy and the organizer of a retrospective for him due to open in 2026.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tLillian Schwartz, a trailblazing computer artist, died in October at 97. Her films of the 1970s that enlisted computer-generated imagery have influenced generations of filmmakers and artists after her. She also holds a special place in history as the first female artist in residence at Bell Labs.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tPatti Astor, a core member of the Downtown New York scene of the 1980s, died in April at 74. She ran the short-lived but influential Fun Gallery, which offered Jean-Michel Basqiuat, Kenny Scharf, Lee Qui\u00f1ones, Fab 5 Freddy, and others some of their first major exposure.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tMarian Zazeela, an artist whose Dream House<\/em> installation, produced with her husband La Monte Young, remains a point of pilgrimage in New York, died in March at 83. Working solo, she also made trippy drawings that she called \u201cborderline art\u201d because of the way that they disturb the \u201cconventional distinction between decorative and fine art by using decorative elements in the fine art tradition.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tWalter Dahn, a member of the Junge Wilde group of German artists of the 1970s, died in November at 70. His intentionally inelegant painterly style gained him an early appearance in Documenta and a range of admirers, including the artist Richard Prince.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tFarhad Moshiri, an Iranian artist who filtered Persian tradition through a Pop art sensibility, died in July at 61. He often collaborated with craftswomen for projects that recreated photographs in thread.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tJacqueline de Jong, a Dutch painter who revolutionized figurative painting over and over again, died in June at 85. She briefly ran the journal of the Situationist movement of the 1960s before launching a career as a painter. It was not until recently, however, that she gained recognition for her work beyond Situationism.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tDavid Anfam, an art historian who rewrote the history of Abstract Expressionism, died in August at 69. He is widely credited with reshaping the way scholars understand the art of Mark Rothko, whose work Anfam compiled into a 1998 catalogue raisonn\u00e9. <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tLeonard Riggio, the Barnes & Noble founder who collected significant works by Willem de Kooning, Richard Serra, and more, died in August at 83. He helped transform Dia:Beacon, a haven for Minimalism in Upstate New York, with a $30 million gift that helped support the acquisition of the museum\u2019s famed Serra sculptures.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tRuth Wolf-Rehfeldt, a German mail artist, died in February at 92. Working in East Berlin before the fall of the Soviet regime, she produced papers lined with dazzling arrays of typewritten text that she posted across the world.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tEikoh Hosoe, an artist who steered Japanese photography in a new direction, died in September at 91. During the 1960s, he famously photographed the writer Yukio Mishima, whom he pictured in states of extreme submission and domination.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tAlexis Smith, an artist who explored (and subverted) Californian mythology, died in January at 74. She frequently recycled found images in installations, collages, and paintings that exposed the seedy underbelly of Hollywood.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tYong Soon Min, an artist who pondered how her identity had been reshaped by her move to the United States from her home country of Korea, died in March at 70. Her photographs and installations were influential to generations of Los Angeles artists who came up after her, some of whom she personally fostered as an educator.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n \n\tG\u00fcnter Brus, an Austrian provocateur associated with the Viennese Actionist movement of the 1960s, died in February at 85. He often used his body for performances such as The Real Test<\/em> (1970), for which he repeatedly cut himself with a razor until he passed out from exhaustion.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\nKeiichi Tanaami<\/h2>\n
Rebecca Horn<\/h2>\n
Rosa de la Cruz<\/h2>\n
Bill Viola<\/h2>\n
Richard Mayhew<\/h2>\n
Zilia S\u00e1nchez<\/h2>\n
Kasper K\u00f6nig<\/h2>\n
Safeya Binzagr<\/h2>\n
Audrey Flack<\/h2>\n
Sarah Cunningham<\/h2>\n
June Leaf<\/h2>\n
Destiny Deacon<\/h2>\n
Dinh Q. L\u00ea<\/h2>\n
Lucas Samaras<\/h2>\n
Ben Vautier<\/h2>\n
Pierre Levai<\/h2>\n
Dorothy Lichtenstein<\/h2>\n
Lillian Schwartz<\/h2>\n
Patti Astor<\/h2>\n
Marian Zazeela<\/h2>\n
Walter Dahn<\/h2>\n
Farhad Moshiri<\/h2>\n
Jacqueline de Jong<\/h2>\n
David Anfam<\/h2>\n
Leonard Riggio<\/h2>\n
Ruth Wolf-Rehfeldt<\/h2>\n
Eikoh Hosoe<\/h2>\n
Alexis Smith<\/h2>\n
Yong Soon Min<\/h2>\n
G\u00fcnter Brus<\/h2>\n